{"id":1031,"date":"2022-04-21T23:33:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-21T21:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/"},"modified":"2023-07-17T13:39:25","modified_gmt":"2023-07-17T11:39:25","slug":"types-and-theories-of-career-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/","title":{"rendered":"TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8bac2e3bb7\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8bac2e3bb7\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/#INTRODUCTION\" >INTRODUCTION<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/#TYPES_OF_CAREER\" >TYPES OF CAREER<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/#_THEORIES_OF_CAREER\" >&nbsp;THEORIES OF CAREER<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/#THEORIES_OF_CAREER_DEVELOPMENT\" >THEORIES OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/#Hollands_Personality-Job_theory\" >Holland\u2019s Personality-Job theory.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/#Supers_Self-Expression_Theory\" >Super\u2019s Self-Expression Theory<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career-2\/#CONCLUSION\" >CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"INTRODUCTION\"><\/span>INTRODUCTION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Theories of career abound, shining light on the myriad of vital underlying traits, factors, and needs that are met by a career, not only for the individual but also for policymakers, educators, and society at large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/career.iresearchnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/History-of-Career-Studies.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/career.iresearchnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/History-of-Career-Studies.jpg\" alt=\"TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER\" title=\"TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TYPES_OF_CAREER\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark988;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark991;\">TYPES OF CAREER<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark991\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Career opportunities exist in the formal and informal segments of the labour market. Opportunity is determined by several factors, and depending on whether one enters as employee, entrepreneur or apprentice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark992\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Entering as employee &#8211; An employee works for other people on the basis of a contract of employment which stipulates relevant conditions of work such as hours of work, resumption time, pay, allowances and benefits, risk associated with job and mode of determination of contract. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/formal-organization-3026329\">Formal organizations<\/a> often keep a record of description of job and human requirement for all job positions. Opportunity for work presupposes some level of training which will put the individual into different layer of the organisation or ministry he hopes to work for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark993\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->As entrepreneur &#8211; The entrepreneur participates in the labour market as employer by labour. He owns the means of production, capital, land, equipment, raw materials, and seeks people (employee) to help translate his business objectives. He paid only money and other in-kind rewards to attract, motivate and retrain good workers. His main motive for doing business is profit. Entrepreneur operates as sole proprietors or engages in several types of ownership structure; partnership, limited, private or public liability concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark994\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->As apprenticeship &#8211; Apprenticeship occurs mostly in the informal sector. The apprentice is on a short term training course which will result in his own venture or a period as journey man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typically, in Nigeria, the labour market admits many entrants (nationals and foreigners) as employer, employee, or apprentice. Entry preparation exists in the form of school certificates (junior and senior), ordinary and higher diplomas, NCE, B. A or B. Sc degrees, and post graduate degrees such as post graduate diploma (PGD), M.A \/ M.Sc, M. Phil and PhD degrees. Entry also depend on areas of specialty such as business management, sciences, banking and finance, human resource management, engineering, law and so forth. At lower levels where semi and unskilled labour is required, specialty is not so important. Various skills: manual, technical, or managerial are traded in the labour market and these gives job openings in relevant ministries and Organisations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_THEORIES_OF_CAREER\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark998;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark996;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark995;\"><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark998;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark996;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark995;\">THEORIES OF CAREER<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark998\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The traditional concern of human resources managers has been to match individual abilities to specific jobs. Another concern is more global in nature: that is, individual &#8211; organization fit. A career however is not just matching skills with a job. It is a complex alignment to personality, values, interests, aptitudes and competencies with the requirements of work and conditions of the work environment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Several theories have been proposed to assist our understanding and provide explanatory framework for career choice of people within the context of several variables bothering on the personality, social support systems, parental\/family situation, the labour market context and other indicative factors. Theories help us to make senses out of our experiences by providing explanatory framework for tracing and explaining relationship among seemingly disparate variables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"THEORIES_OF_CAREER_DEVELOPMENT\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark999;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1002;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1000;\">THEORIES OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark999\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the several career theories here listed John Holland\u2019s and Super\u2019s career theory will be discussed in some detail. These theories are attempts at alignment of experiences with empirical studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1003\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->John Holland\u2019s career typology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1004\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Driver\u2019s career concept<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1005\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Super\u2019s self-expression theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1006\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Roe\u2019s theory<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1007\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">5.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Lent, Brown and Hackett\u2019s Social Cognitive theory<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1008\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">6.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Ginzberg\u2019s theory<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1009\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">7.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Krumboltz Gottfredson\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-social-cognitive-learning-theory\/\">social learning theory<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hollands_Personality-Job_theory\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1011;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1012;\">Holland\u2019s Personality-Job theory<\/span><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1010;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1011;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1012;\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1012\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>John Holland\u2019s (1973) theory is grounded in what he called modal personal orientation or a developmental process established through heredity and the individual\u2019s life history of reacting to the environmental demands. More simply put individuals are attracted to a particular occupation that meets their personal needs and provides them satisfaction. Holland\u2019s theory, derived from a study of the American population, rests on four main assumptions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1013\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->In our culture, persons can be categorized as one of the following: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1014\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->There are six modal environments: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1015\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->People search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1016\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Behaviour is determined by an interaction between personality and environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also called <i>Holland\u2019s theory of occupational choice,<\/i> the theory derived from <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a>, by Holland, of vocational preference inventory questionnaire that contains 160 occupational titles. Respondents indicate like or dislike for these titles and their responses were used to form six personality profiles. A hexagonal diagram showing that the closer two fields or orientations are in the hexagon, the more compatible they are. Adjacent categories are quite similar, while diagonally opposite orientations are dissimilar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">The implication of this is that a realistic person should be in realistic jobs such as Mechanical Engineering and Farming. A realistic person in a social job is in a most incongruent situation. Adjacent positions (conventional and investigative), for instance, offer the next best degree of congruence to a realistic person<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/personalityjunkie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/ezgif-1-41cf3f0ad7.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Career Diamond of Holland\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/personalityjunkie.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/ezgif-1-41cf3f0ad7.jpg?ssl=1\" alt=\"TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER - Career Diamond of Holland\" border=\"0\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">Career Diamond of Holland<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to Holland\u2019s theory, the types represent characteristics of both the work environment and the personality traits and interests of people in those working environment. It is notable however that few people fall squarely into only one type. The extent to which the individual fits into one or several types are his degree of differentiation, which the extent to which he is aligned to the similar rather than dissimilar types, is his degree of consistency. A highly differentiated person is aligned with a single category, whereas most people relate to two or more categories. Along with the hexagon, he proposes the personality typology and their congruent occupations.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Table 2.1: Holland\u2019s Typology of Personality and Congruent occupations<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Type<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Personality trait<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Work environment characteristics<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Sample occupations<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Realistic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Shy,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; genuine,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">practical&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; stable,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">persistent, conforming<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">materialistic<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Physical&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; activities<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">requiring&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; strength<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">skill&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; co-<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">ordination. Work with hands, machines tools, focus&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; tangible<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">results<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Assembly worker, dry cleaner,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; mechanical<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">engineer, farmer, drill<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">press operator.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Investigative<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Analytic, introverted, concerns reserved,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">precise, creative,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">independent, impulsive idealistic,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">intuitive emotional,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">original<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Work&nbsp;&nbsp; involves Thinking organizing and understanding, discovering, collecting and analyzing&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; data<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">problem solving<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Biologist, economist, news&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; reporter,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">mathematician dentist, system analyst<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Artistic<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Creative,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; impulsive,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">idealistic,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; emotional<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">intuitive, imaginative, disorderly, impractical<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Prefers ambiguous<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; unsystematic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">activities, that allows creative expression,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">creation of new products or&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ideas unstructured setting<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Journalist, architect,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">advertising executive, writer, painter, writer, painter musician,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">interior decorator<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Social<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Sociable, outgoing,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">need for affiliation, conscientious friendly, co-operative, understanding<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Serving others helping developing working in teams<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Social&nbsp; worker,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">teacher, counselor,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">clinical psychologist nurse.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Enterprising<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Confident, assertive, need&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; for&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; power,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">energetic, ambitious, domineering.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Verbal activities opportunities&nbsp;&nbsp; to influence others and attain&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; power achieving&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; goals through&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; others&nbsp; a result oriented environment<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Sales&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; person<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">stockbroker, politician lawyer, real&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; estate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">agent, small business manager,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">relations specialist.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Conventional<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Dependable, disciplined&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; orderly,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">practical,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; efficient,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">conforming, inflexible, unimaginative<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Prefers rule-regulated, orderly and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">unambiguous activities, systematic manipulation of data<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">Accountant,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; tanker,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">administrator&nbsp;&nbsp; file<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">clerk&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; corporate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\">manager.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Although each individual is made up of six types, one type is usually dominant. Most personalities tend to resemble up to three of the six personality factors. Holland\u2019s model of occupational choice, though had left out -3- dimensions of the \u201cBig five\u201d personality traits such as conscientiousness, emotional stability and agreeability, and treating only openness and extroversion, has laid foundation for many career <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> activities in use today.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The theory in the overall emphasizes the point that effective career <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> involves finding a good \u201cfit\u201d between the individual\u2019s personality and the work environment. Several researches have shown support for Hollander\u2019s typology. The theories\u2019 strongest criticism is that it is gender biased. Females tend to score high only in the three personality dimensions; artistic, social and convectional.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Holland attributes this to the fact that females talents are channelled in such a way that certain occupations are female dominated and others male-dominated. Holland\u2019s typology takes cognitive problem solving approach to career planning and this model has been very influential in vocational counselling. It has been employed by popular assessment tools such as the Self Directed Search, Vocational Preference Inventory and the Strong Interest Inventory. The approach has also resulted in practical resources like the dictionary of Holland occupational codes which applies Holland\u2019s codes to major occupations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Supers_Self-Expression_Theory\"><\/span><b>Super\u2019s Self-Expression Theory<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<figure><a style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/career.iresearchnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Supers-Career-Development-Theory.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Super\u2019s Self-Expression Theory\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/career.iresearchnet.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Supers-Career-Development-Theory.jpg?resize=640%2C462\" alt=\"TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"479\" data-original-width=\"663\"><\/a><\/figure><div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">Donald Super also made notable contribution to the <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> of career theory. Following the work history of a number of men for a period of 25 years he noted in his book Career pattern Study (1957) that career spans series of developmental stages. His 14 basic assumptions about career are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1020\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->People differ in their abilities and personalities, needs, values, interests, traits and self-concepts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1021\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->People are qualified, by virtue of these characteristics, for a number of occupations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1022\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Each occupation requires a characteristic pattern of abilities and personality traits, with tolerances for each individual as well as some variety of individual in each occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1023\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Vocational preferences and competencies, the situations in which people live and work, and hence their self-concepts change, with time and experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1024\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">5.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->This process of change may be summed up in a series of life stages (also called maxicycle) characterised as a sequence of <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a>, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and disengagement which consists of developmental tasks. The period between each of the stages are marked by transitions (marked by minicycles) each time a career is punctuated by illness, injury, redundancies social\/technological changes or any other socio-economic or personal events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1025\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">6.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The nature of career patterns, that is, occupational level attained and the sequence, frequency, and duration of trial and stable jobs is determined by individual\u2019s parental of career socioeconomic, level, mental abilities, education, skills, personality characteristics (needs, interest, values, and <a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/04\/self-identity-and-career-development.html\">self-\u00adconcepts<\/a>) and <i>career maturity<\/i> and opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1026\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">7.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Success in coping with the demands of the environment and of the organisation at any given life\u00adcareer stage depends on the readiness of the individual to cope with the demands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1027\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">8.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Career maturity is a psychological construct that denotes an individual\u2019s degree of <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> along the continuum of life-stages and substages of the <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a> through disengagement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1028\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">9.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">Development<\/a> through the life-stages can be guided by maturity of abilities, interests, and coping resources, reality testing and <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> of self-concepts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1029\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">10.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The process of <a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/04\/self-identity-and-career-development.html\">career development<\/a> is essentially of developing and implementing occupational self.\u00adconcepts as a synthesis of inherited aptitudes, physical makeup, opportunity to observe and play various roles which meets approval of superiors and peers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1030\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">11.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The process of synthesis of and compromise between individual and social factors, self-concept and reality is that of role playing and learning from feedback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1031\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">12.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Work satisfactions and life satisfactions depend on the extent to which an individual finds adequate outlets for abilities, needs, values, interests, personality traits and self-concepts within the context of work type and situation that allows for exploration and <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1032\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">13.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The degree of satisfaction people attain from work is proportional to the degree to which they have been able to implement self-concepts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1033\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">14.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Work and occupation provide a focus for personality organisation for most men and women, though some may focus on peripheral issues like leisure, homemaking, as much as tradition, stereotype, sex role, ethnic, racial and modelling shapes individual preferences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1035;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark1036;\">CONCLUSION<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark1036\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of the seven career theories listed, two were explained in detail with the encouragement for the students, using the avenue of the self-tutored assignment, to form a comprehensive and critical note on the other five theories. It is obvious that career theories, such as Super\u2019s self-expression, provide comprehensive insights into the factors, dynamics, and course of career from <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a>, exploration, establishment, maintenance to disengagement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Theories of career abound, shining light on the myriad of vital underlying traits, factors, and needs that are met by a career, not only for the individual but also for policymakers, educators, and society at large.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1963,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":134,"footnotes":""},"categories":[134],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industrial-psychology"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pexels-photo-2977567.jpeg?fit=1880%2C1253&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1005,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-theories-of-career\/","url_meta":{"origin":1031,"position":0},"title":"TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 18, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Theories of career are many and assist in the excavation of crucial underlining traits, factors and needs that are fulfilled by career both for the individual","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Types and Theories of career","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/THEORIES-OF-CAREER.jpg?fit=720%2C540&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/THEORIES-OF-CAREER.jpg?fit=720%2C540&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/THEORIES-OF-CAREER.jpg?fit=720%2C540&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/THEORIES-OF-CAREER.jpg?fit=720%2C540&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":794,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/psychoanalytic-theory-on-career-choice-5-factors\/","url_meta":{"origin":1031,"position":1},"title":"Psychoanalytic Theory on Career Choice &#8211; 5 Factors","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The psychoanalytic theory views career choice in terms of the individual and how he\/she operates in isolation in the choice of his career. Basically, the system of psychoanalysis involves the mechanism of sublimation which provides an acceptable way for an individual to release portions of his psychic energies that would\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Psychoanalytic Theory on career choice","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Psychoanalytic-Theory-on-career-choice.png?fit=480%2C300&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1070,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/psychoanalytic-theory-on-career-choice-5-factors-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":1031,"position":2},"title":"Psychoanalytic Theory on Career Choice &#8211; 5 Factors","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 15, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0The psychoanalytic theory views career choice in terms of the individual and how he\/she operates in isolation in the choice of his career. 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