{"id":1034,"date":"2022-04-21T22:56:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-21T20:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ergonomics\/"},"modified":"2023-07-17T14:06:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-17T12:06:07","slug":"ergonomics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/","title":{"rendered":"Ergonomics. Concept and Considerations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d6055517e34\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d6055517e34\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#_INTRODUCTION\" >&nbsp;INTRODUCTION<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#MEANING_OF_ERGONOMICS\" >MEANING OF ERGONOMICS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#DESIGNING_WORK_FOR_PEOPLE\" >DESIGNING WORK FOR PEOPLE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#TYPES_AND_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_TECHNOLOGY\" >TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGY<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#_FACTORS_IN_TO_CONSIDER\" >&nbsp;FACTORS IN TO CONSIDER<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#Factors_for_consideration_in_control_design\" >Factors for consideration in control design<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#_Factors_for_consideration_in_display_design\" >&nbsp;Factors for consideration in display design<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#TECHNOLOGY_AND_THE_NEW_FACE_OF_WORK\" >TECHNOLOGY AND THE NEW FACE OF WORK<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/ergonomics\/#CONCLUSION\" >CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_INTRODUCTION\"><\/span>&nbsp;INTRODUCTION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>People and machines make up the systems that operate in large and small organisations. The goal or ergonomics is efficient and effective man-machine systems that are based on understanding of human factors as important input in machine and equipment designs. To do this, human capacities and limitations are viewed and built appropriately into the reception, coding, transmission and interpretation of information taking into consideration opportunities and limitations imposed by the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/previews.123rf.com\/images\/robwilson39\/robwilson391702\/robwilson39170200003\/71822795-ergonomics-word-cloud-on-blue-background.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/previews.123rf.com\/images\/robwilson39\/robwilson391702\/robwilson39170200003\/71822795-ergonomics-word-cloud-on-blue-background.jpg?ssl=1\" alt=\"Introduction to ERGONOMICS\" title=\"ERGONOMICS\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MEANING_OF_ERGONOMICS\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark679;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark682;\">MEANING OF ERGONOMICS<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark682\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/engineering-psychologist-2795650#:~:text=Engineering%20psychology%20is%20an%20applied%20subfield%20that%20focuses,that%20people%20can%20use%20them%20safely%20and%20efficiently.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Engineering Psychology<\/a> or Human Factor Engineering is another name for the sub-field of psychology called Ergonomics. It is concerned with man-machine fit at work with the consideration of core human factors in the design and use of equipment and machines at work. The main research focus are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Achieving man-machine fit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reduction of industrial accidents<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Guaranteeing industrial safety and security, and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Optimizing performance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DESIGNING_WORK_FOR_PEOPLE\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark686;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark684;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark683;\">DESIGNING WORK FOR PEOPLE<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark686\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Until the 1940s designing industrial plants and machines were the sole responsibilities of Engineers who usually make design decisions without due consideration for the workers who operate them. Thus human beings have to adjust to the features represented in those machines with considerable strain and higher degree of errors, accidents and other machine induced stresses such as fatigue, cramps, eyes and headaches, etc. More so, machines and equipment, especially military hardware as used in World War II, became increasingly complex and required increasing levels of speed and precision for their operation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/previews.123rf.com\/images\/luisvv\/luisvv1906\/luisvv190600002\/124560434-correct-sitting-at-desk-posture-ergonomics-office-health-hazards-infographics-.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/previews.123rf.com\/images\/luisvv\/luisvv1906\/luisvv190600002\/124560434-correct-sitting-at-desk-posture-ergonomics-office-health-hazards-infographics-.jpg?ssl=1\" alt=\"ERGONOMICS - DESIGNING WORK FOR PEOPLE\" title=\"DESIGNING WORK FOR PEOPLE\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These placed great demands on capabilities, not only upon muscular strength but also higher-level abilities of sensing, perception, judgment and decision making. But another possibility was in the offing. The time-motion study of Fredrick Taylor and the Gilbereths were precursor to the understanding of the need to adapt machine to human attributes as opposed to the other way round. This is what ergonomics is all about; designing machines and equipment that fit into human physiological and cognitive abilities as well as other attributes; sociability, emotionality and so forth, bearing in mind also the environment of usage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century work place is becoming increasingly automated with technology increasingly competing for space, time and opportunities with man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TYPES_AND_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_TECHNOLOGY\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark690;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark688;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark687;\">TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGY<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark690\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Technology in today\u2019s context can be interpreted broadly to include according to Mullins (2007) both:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark691\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">i.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The physical aspects of machines, equipment, processes and work layout (machine technology) involved in the transformation or conversion processes, and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark692\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">ii.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The actual methods, systems and procedures involved (knowledge technology) in carrying out the work of the organisation and transforming and conversion of inputs into outputs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The physical side of technology refers mainly to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microelectronics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microelectronics<\/a> and microprocessors, information and communication technology (ICTs) applicable in manufacturing, information sharing and processing, service provision and as products themselves. The main forms of applications are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark693\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">i.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Manufacturing\/engineering\/design equipment often referred to as \u2018advanced manufacturing technology\u2019 (ATM) or \u2018computer-aid engineering\u2019 (CAE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark694\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">ii.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Technology for information capturing, storage, transmission, analysis and retrieval like the computer that may be linked with the ATM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark695\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">iii.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Technology employed in the provision of services to customers, patients, clients by use of service sector applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark696\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">iv.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Technology is a product<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_FACTORS_IN_TO_CONSIDER\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark700;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark698;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark697;\"><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark700;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark698;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark697;\">FACTORS IN TO CONSIDER<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark700\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Eze (2004) information flowing from the machine to the operator is a form of interaction involving the use of human capacities to sense, perceive, process, retrieve, control levers or manipulate one aspect of a system or the other as shown in the figure below<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEiiDuckGG_il5oie1ITuBDZ68CD0MFsGOjYBD-H44Z7tYu9HNz3ApnkMdZahsGy1CU5CBYkPOycW6tCNDNdUGYvAoalCq_77Tk3NqPlpQcFgmTh4qoLEnG5wczJeSBZf70LLG2Z2fV9YnSNIpFu7E-48oNEwq079XYH0o3UaNo3SNU-aRj4nrrUHVia\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Man-Machine Information Loop\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEiiDuckGG_il5oie1ITuBDZ68CD0MFsGOjYBD-H44Z7tYu9HNz3ApnkMdZahsGy1CU5CBYkPOycW6tCNDNdUGYvAoalCq_77Tk3NqPlpQcFgmTh4qoLEnG5wczJeSBZf70LLG2Z2fV9YnSNIpFu7E-48oNEwq079XYH0o3UaNo3SNU-aRj4nrrUHVia=w640-h260\" alt=\"Ergonomics - Man-Machine Information Loop\" width=\"640\" height=\"260\" data-original-height=\"294\" data-original-width=\"726\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">Man-Machine Information Loop<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These interfaces can be disrupted at one point or the other and there are some factors to consider in equipment design, installation and use. Advanced societies have anthropomorphic data which gives estimates of averages or ranges of limbs, torsos, heights, weights, etc. These measures are important in equipment design and use to reduce error and accidents. Some of these factors relate to both the control and the display designs;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_for_consideration_in_control_design\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark707;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark705;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark704;\">Factors for consideration in control design<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark707\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark708\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>The type of control.<\/i> The control should be operable and follow as much as possible the natural motions of the operator, especially in terms of relative applicable force and limb positioning so as not to cause muscular ache and fatigue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark709\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Presence of resistance.<\/i> Sufficient but reasonable resistance is necessary to avoid spurious inputs from operators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark710\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>The interface.<\/i> The surface of a control system, depending on the type of operation, should either be smooth or striated. Hand operated systems could be smooth while leg operated levers should be striated for the necessary grip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark711\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Control size.<\/i> The shape and size of control interfaces ought to be in consonance with operators\u2019 hands and feet with consideration for grip and balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark712\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">5.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Control position.<\/i> The operator\u2019s position should not be awkward or frequent long stretching movements to effect the control<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark713\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">6.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Control shape.<\/i> Designing the control interface\u2019s shape is important for firm grip and elbow room for movements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark714\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">7.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>One-hand and two-hand operations.<\/i> The society is populated by a mix of right handed, southpaw individuals that are ambidextrous. The unique needs of these individuals have to be borne in mind while at the same time one-hand versus two-hand control and or requirements for coordinating eye-hand-leg should receive attention in equipment design<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark715\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">8.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Feedback.<\/i> The control systems\u2019 feedback should be so positioned as to process inputs and relay action and output in decipherable codes and or language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Factors_for_consideration_in_display_design\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark719;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark717;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark716;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark719;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark717;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark716;\">Factors for consideration in display design<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark719\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important that display systems are embedded in both the system and the environment. For instance, failure due to electricity are first discovered by either the ear when the humming sounds stopped or eyes if the lighting diminished or goes out. For instance, the dashboard is programmed to relay multiples of information ranging from fuel level, functioning of hydraulic brake system, acceleration, speed, mileage, temperature, geographical information and so forth. These put the sensory, central and peripheral nervous systems etc on the alert. The designer therefore should bear these in mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <i>Natural Format.<\/i> Formats that are unfamiliar to natural human attributes require time to become accustomed to. Reading and interpreting signals that are not familiar to normal habit patterns are likely to increase error rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark720\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Precision of response.<\/i> Requiring operators to be more precise than necessary (that is normal response threshold) may add to fatigue and cause them to make judgmental errors. For instance the difference between read-out and press-button accuracy and true accuracy has to be factored in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark721\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Operator view technique.<\/i> The display technique has to be matched to the operator\u2019s bodily constraints, viewing environmental conditions like lighting, acceleration, vibration, mobility restrictions and position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark722\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><i>Use of simple concept.<\/i> Displays that use complex signs and symbols are difficult to interpret and understand and without extensive training, may lead to increased error rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the whole, display systems must be conspicuous, legible, visible and readily interpretable. This is because information processing which involves stimulus sensing, processing (categorization and discrimination), response and execution are intricate systems of choices and decisions which may have either salutary or detrimental outcomes; especially where accidents happen to occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TECHNOLOGY_AND_THE_NEW_FACE_OF_WORK\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark726;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark724;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark723;\">TECHNOLOGY AND THE NEW FACE OF WORK<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure><a style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/c.neh.tw\/thumb\/f\/720\/289ec7b3892643c99b6c.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"TECHNOLOGY AND THE NEW FACE OF WORK\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/c.neh.tw\/thumb\/f\/720\/289ec7b3892643c99b6c.jpg?resize=640%2C426&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Concept of Ergonomics\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"417\" data-original-width=\"626\"><\/a><\/figure><div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark723;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark726\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The truth is, the face, form, structure and pace of work have changed in such a dramatic fashion over the last two decades. Not only has technology (equipment, machines, ICTs and robotic engineering) have influenced work and job designs, it has influenced human behaviour at work; his job roles, areas of latitude and tenure. Organisational research shows that technology influence behaviour of people in work setting by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark727\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The specific designs of work and the knowledge, skills and aptitudes needed to do them,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark728\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Influencing how work is organised and controlled,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark729\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Affecting the pace and intensity of work,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark730\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Reducing the number of people that has to participate in getting a product off the assembly line, and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark731\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">5.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Adjusting overhead and other disciplinary issues related to individual and organised body of workers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whereas technology has fundamentally affected how work is designed in terms of structure, processes and expected behaviour, thereby reducing managerial control and freeing <a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/introduction-to-strategic-management.html\">management<\/a> from burdensome bureaucracy to focus on germane issues of quality, improved working conditions and <a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/02\/the-concept-of-motivation.html\">motivation<\/a> of employees for cutting edge performance, technology has equally created certain problems and challenges such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark732\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">i.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Free flow of information which erodes into managerial prerogatives of <a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/04\/information-technology-management.html\">information management<\/a> and official secrecy,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark733\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">ii.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Overdependence on automated solutions that had reduced human initiative, creativity and removing intrinsic motivating components of work,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark734\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">iii.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->Devotion of official hours to personal use of social media (e-mail, Facebook, WhatsApp etc) which can limit productivity,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark735\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">iv.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The informality and speed of electronic communications are of great attraction as well as embarrassingly compromising as information meant for a colleague can get to official quarters by the seconds as the send button is hit upon,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark736\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">v.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]-->The use of ICT as a means of mounting surveillance on employees which may compromise their privacy and certain fundamental rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The workplace, therefore, has to find a balance between the advantages and disadvantages of ICT and the new mode of work such that jobs are protected along with human dignity, social ethics and within reasonable legal regimes of operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark738;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark739;\">CONCLUSION<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"bookmark739\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall goal of equipment and machine designs is to facilitate as well as complement human efforts at work. There are several types of useful technology in today\u2019s workplaces ranging from simple to sophisticated like industrial robots; so also there are factors to consider in building and installing industrial machines. Though new age technology and the world of work are changing dramatically, the basic features of machines remain; input, processing and output and feedback systems.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The goal or ergonomics is efficient and effective man-machine systems that are based on understanding of human factors as important input in machine and equipment 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