{"id":1121,"date":"2022-04-06T08:13:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-06T06:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/"},"modified":"2024-03-14T23:02:43","modified_gmt":"2024-03-14T21:02:43","slug":"the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/","title":{"rendered":"The Context of Pragmatics in the Language use"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Language use in this article will definitely refer to the use of linguistic codes (words) in the context of social life since pragmatics is the study of language use by individuals in specific social situations and whose actions are actually influenced by these situations. The study of language in its social context began with the rise of popular interests in sociolinguists, pragmatics, discourse analysis and ethnography of speaking in the 1970s, particularly as a reaction to purely abstract linguistics. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Scholars were concerned with a more balanced way of studying language, other than focusing on language structures alone. To them, it was crucial to also examine the relationship between language and society and how language use is influenced by the social context. The goal of this kind of contextual study according to Dell Hymes (1974) is to:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark180\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(i)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">involve language in practical issues such as education, minority groups and language policies<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark181\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(ii)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">show how social function gives form to the ways in which linguistic features are encountered in actual life<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark182\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(iii)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">identify social functions and discover ways in which linguistic features are selected and grouped to serve them (sharing a concern with social realism and validity)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark183\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(iv)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">show that socially constituted linguistics is concerned with social as well as the referential meaning and with language as part of communicative conduct and social action <i>(quoted in Lavandera (1988:4}.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">In this article, we shall be looking at the features and components of context and how various contexts can influence meaning and language use. We shall also see why context is so crucial in the study and understanding of linguistic or discourse pragmatics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d9413b52691\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d9413b52691\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#_Meaning_and_Features_of_Context\" >&nbsp;Meaning and Features of Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#Linguistic_Context\" >Linguistic Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#Physicalenvironmental_Context\" >Physical\/environmental Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#Interpersonal_Context\" >Interpersonal Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#Situationalsocio-cultural_Context\" >Situational\/socio-cultural Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#Institutional_Context\" >Institutional Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#helpsComponents_of_Discourse_Context\" >helpsComponents of Discourse Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#Text_and_Context\" >Text and Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use\/#CONCLUSION\" >CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Meaning_and_Features_of_Context\"><\/span><a name=\"_Toc46930087\"><\/a><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark195;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark197;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930087;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Meaning and Features of Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Context refers to the situation, within which language functions. It may be physical\/environmental, social context or institutional situation, including events, time, culture or social conventions that can influence language use. The first use of the term \u201ccontext of situation\u201d is attributable to Bronislaw Malinowski, a social anthropologist, who in his study of language behaviours among some native Indians concluded that language is a \u201cmode of action\u201d and as social behaviour is closely tied to the relevant social situation in which it is used.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The meaning of words was not to be restricted to sounds of utterances or their grammatical structure but must include the \u201cpragmatic context\u201d in which they are uttered. J.R. Firth (a linguist) expounded on this study and in his contextual theory of meaning argues that context is the bedrock of any linguistic enterprise because \u201cnormal linguistic behaviour as a whole is meaning effort, directed towards the maintenance of appropriate patterns of life\u201d.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Since every utterance occurs within a \u201cculturally determined context of situation\u201d meaning is tied to that context of the speaker and the ways he perceives himself, his roles in society and his relationship with other members of the society. As pragmatics investigates context-based meaning it will be impossible to talk about pragmatics without reference to the context in which utterances are made. And as a matter of fact, linguistic codes are actually selected and used according to some social sets of standards. It is contextual considerations that make the difference between structural linguistics and sociolinguistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis. We shall look at the features of context as we examine the various types of contexts.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Linguistic_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930088;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark203;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark201;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark200;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Linguistic Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"_Toc46930088\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">This refers to the set of words in the same sentence or utterance. This forms the linguistic environment that determines the sense of the words in the context. For example, if the word \u201cshoot\u201d appears in a linguistic context along with other words like \u201cdribble,\u201d \u201cpenalty,\u201d \u201cgoal\u201d, or \u201cover the bar\u201d, we immediately understand the <i>shoot<\/i>that is meant. If on the other hand, the same word appears with words like \u201csoldier\u201d, \u201cartillery\u201d or \u201cwar,\u201d the meaning is immediately known. The linguistic context (also known as <i>co-text)<\/i> of a word or words, therefore, has a strong effect on what we may think such words mean. Generally words occur together and are frequently used with some particular words with which they collocate.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physicalenvironmental_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930089;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark209;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark207;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark206;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Physical\/environmental Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc46930089\"><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Again we know that words mean on the basis of the physical or environmental context. As we saw in Unit 1, the meaning of the word \u201cdrink\u201d on a library shelve is different from its meaning on the door of a canteen. The physical context definitely influenced our interpretation of the word. Our understanding of words or expressions is much more tied to the physical context particularly in terms of the time and place being referred to in the expressions. Other features of the context include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark210\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Participants, e.g. boys, girls, men, traders<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark211\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Ongoing activity, e.g. playing, chatting, debating<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark212\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The place, e.g. church, class, stadium, dining table<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark213\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The time, e.g. time of the day or season<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Hymes (1964) identifies the following general contextual features:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark214\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Participants, i.e. people involved, e.g. husband and wife; neighbours; colleagues; teachers and students etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark215\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Topic i.e. what the discourse is about, e.g. politics, religion, race, health, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark216\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Setting, i.e. where the event takes place, e.g. at home, at work, at school etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark217\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Channel, e.g. medium &#8211; speech, writing, non-verbal)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark218\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Code (dialect\/style)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark219\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u2022<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Message form (debate, chat etc)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">All of the above features may not rigidly be ascribed to the physical context. For example, the channel\/medium or code through which the piece of discourse is carried out is determined by other variables such as education, age, status or class which may well be described as some features of the social-cultural context.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interpersonal_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930090;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark223;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark221;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark220;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Interpersonal Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc46930090\"><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The interpersonal context focuses on psychological considerations that influence speech or talk. There is no doubt that the state of the mind of the speaker or writer places some constraints on the quality or amount of interactions s\/he engages in. His inputs and reactions are predictable if he is sad, happy, excited or bored. Critics of pragmatic emphasis on such criteria as intention, belief or rationality, argue that the understanding of text and talk is not dependent on <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/elements-compounds-and-mixtures\/\">elements<\/a> rooted in psychology rather, on social factors such as \u201cpower\u201d and \u201cstatus\u201d and how they are distributed and maintained linguistically in the society.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Interestingly many social analysts of discourse, among who are also interested in pragmatics do indeed recognise the influence of socio-cultural variables that affect the production of discourse, or text. But the fact remains that individual speakers or writers do make linguistic choices and decide what to say and how to say it. Therefore factors that place constraint on their ability to do this (e.g. state of the mind) is of interest to pragmatic analysts.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 4<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">In your own words describe what is meant by \u201cinterpersonal context\u201d and say why it is essential in a pragmatic study of text or talk.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Situationalsocio-cultural_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930091;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark227;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark225;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark224;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Situational\/socio-cultural Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc46930091\"><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Unlike the other contexts discussed above, the situational context concerns mainly with socio-cultural considerations. The context of culture includes beliefs, value systems, religion, and conventions that control individuals\u2019 behaviour and their relationship with others. These socio\u00adcultural rules of behaviour often guide them in order to communicate effectively with one another. Some beliefs or conventions may be considered to be universal, while some are culture-specific, especially those that guide utterances, non-verbal communication and other forms of social behaviour that may be interpreted meaningfully.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Knowledge of socio-cultural rules of behaviours brings up the idea of \u201ccommunicative competence\u201d which according to Dell Hymes (1972) is the ability of the speaker to know when to speak, when not and what to talk about with whom, when, where, and in what manner. This competence is integral to attitudes, values and motivations concerning language, its features and uses in the most suitable and appropriate contexts. Take a newspaper headline like \u201cThe butcher of Zamfara\u201d for an example. How would a non-Nigerian interpret it considering the general meaning of \u201cbutcher\u201d? How would you interpret it &#8211; as a Nigerian who is familiar with the controversy surrounding the implementation of the Sharia in the Northern states? Take another example:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">A little child:<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>(scribbles unintelligibly on the surface of a white<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">paper and presents it to his father, smiling) Daddy see&#8230;!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Father:<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>(hugs the child) ah. beautiful, this is the most brilliant<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">writing I\u2019ve ever seen.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">You will agree with me that the father has applied the best communicative etiquette in his response to his child\u2019s writing, considering the context and the participant in the communication event.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Institutional_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930092;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark233;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark231;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark230;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Institutional Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a name=\"_Toc46930092\"><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Much of what we refer to here as \u201cinstitutional context\u201d may have actually been covered as part of the social\/cultural context, but it is necessary to identify certain <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/elements-compounds-and-mixtures\/\">elements<\/a> of the context in some specialized kind of settings like educational institutions, which impose some constraints in language use. Take a Convent or a purely Islamic institution for example there are certain conventions there that govern people\u2019s mode of communication and behaviour which is not just \u201csocial\u201d or \u201ccultural.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">We consider this as institutional and much of these institutional standards or \u201ccommon sense assumptions\u201d (Fairclough, 1989), determine social behaviour and individuals simply imbibe them as natural and unchanging. For example, there are certain ways people must greet one another in some of these places. Expressions such as \u201cbless you\u201d or \u201cit is well\u201d in some Christina mission universities have become almost institutionalised that people are made to believe that unless they greet each other that way they may never be able to enjoy certain privileges. In some cases, this rather peculiar manner of expressions help to identify the individuals and the institutions they are associated with.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"helpsComponents_of_Discourse_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930093;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark237;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark235;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark234;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">helpsComponents of Discourse Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"_Toc46930093\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">M.A.K. Halliday (1976) identifies three components of the context which we shall discuss in this sub-section. According to Halliday, situation types can be represented as a complex of three dimensions, namely:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark238\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(i)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The ongoing activity<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark239\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(ii)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The role of relationships<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark240\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"color: black;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(iii)<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The symbolic channel (i.e. the medium, either written or spoken)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The ongoing activity is referred to as <i>the Field<\/i> which is the total event in which the text (or utterance) is functioning. It is the primary aim of the discourse and what subject matter the interactants must explore.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">According to Hudson (1980), the field of discourse is the \u201cwhat about\u201d, \u201cthe why\u201d of discourse: it may be political, religious, academic, health, marriage etc. Very often an individual\u2019s choice of words in a conversation is governed by the field of discourse.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The role relationships are referred to as <i>the tenor.<\/i> It is the \u201cwith whom\u201d of discourse. The tenor shows the kind of social relationships that exists among interactants; type of role interaction (how they take turns and what influences it) and how temporal or permanent such relationships are. It also mirrors the identities of the people involved. Some social variables such as age, status, education etc. influence how individuals assign roles to one another in conversations.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The mode<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"> of discourse is the function of the text in the event, including the medium of expression. This is the third component of the dimensions of the context. Hudson calls it \u201cthe how\u201d of discourse. Again the subject matter of a discourse and the relationship between the interactants often determine the best mode of expressing the text, either in writing or verbally. Legal documents for example demand writing, while interpersonal communication is usually done orally. The choice of words is also influenced by the formality or informality of the relationship that exists among speakers or writers. Look at this example: two people address the same person (Oluwatosin Adeyemi) in the following terms:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">A:<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>You\u2019re welcome Miss Adeyemi (formal)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">B:<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Hi Tosin! (informal)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Text_and_Context\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc46930094;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark246;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark244;\"><span style=\"mso-bookmark: bookmark243;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Text and Context<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">As we noted in Unit 1, rather than emphasising the sentence, utterance, text or talk is emphasized in pragmatics. A text is a unit of language in use (Halliday &amp; Hasan 1976). It is any utterance or passage spoken or written of any length that forms a unified whole. It is not a grammatical unit like a clause or sentence but could be a sentence, paragraph, or a whole passage. It is not limited by size and therefore does not consist of sentences, but rather realized by sentences. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">A text is therefore considered a meaningful unit rather than a grammatical unit. This means that it may not be grammatically correct but meaningful and analyzable as a discourse unit. The meaning associated with a text is realised in a context. As we have already discussed, the meaning of any text or utterance largely depends on any of the various types of context identified above.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">CONCLUSION<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Context is a requisite concept in pragmatics. As a matter of fact, pragmatics has been defined by many scholars as the study of context\u00adbased meaning. In other words, the study of pragmatics is the study of how language use is influenced by the context. Context is the central \u201cinfluencer\u201d of meaning especially considering how people interact with one another in different situations.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">In your own personal interactions and relationships, you will agree that all the time you were able to communicate effectively with people because you recognise the kind of social attitudes and conventions that guided your interactions and you responded exactly the way you were expected to respond. You were able to apply your knowledge of the society and its cultures in your interactions and you talked when you should and kept silent at other times. All these are factors of the context which determined the way you related with others as a member of the same society.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Language use in this article will definitely refer to the use of linguistic codes (words) in the context of social 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Sociolinguistics","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 6, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to society while pragmatics is concerned with the study of language use in relation to the social context. \u00a0Sociolinguistics cuts across many levels of linguistics and due to the many areas of common interests that the two disciplines share, it\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The relationship between Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1123,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/meaning-and-scope-of-pragmatics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1121,"position":1},"title":"MEANING AND SCOPE OF PRAGMATICS","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 6, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Quite a number of language scholars have defined pragmatics, which are of interest to us in this study. These definitions throw some light on the nature, principles and scope of pragmatics. Let\u2019s look at a few of them. MEANING AND SCOPE OF PRAGMATICS (i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leech & Short (1981:290) - Pragmatics\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"MEANING AND SCOPE OF PRAGMATICS","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/MEANING-AND-SCOPE-OF-PRAGMATICS.png?fit=800%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/MEANING-AND-SCOPE-OF-PRAGMATICS.png?fit=800%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/MEANING-AND-SCOPE-OF-PRAGMATICS.png?fit=800%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/MEANING-AND-SCOPE-OF-PRAGMATICS.png?fit=800%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1122,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/brief-history-of-pragmatics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1121,"position":2},"title":"Brief History of Pragmatics","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 6, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0This article on the history of pragmatics will introduce you to the first significant studies that developed what today is known as pragmatics and subsequent efforts that have popularized the discipline. You will also see how these pioneering efforts attempted to broaden the scope of pragmatics and the extent of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1107,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-relationship-between-pragmatics-and-core-linguistics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1121,"position":3},"title":"The relationship between Pragmatics and core Linguistics","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 6, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Linguistics is formally defined as the scientific study of language and its subfields, i.e. phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics are often referred to as \u2018core linguistics.\u2019 Already we have endeavoured to explain the\u00a0interaction of pragmatics with these subfields by pointing out the mediatory roles pragmatics plays in providing answers associated\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The relationship between Pragmatics and core Linguistics","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1109,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/pragmatics-and-discourse-structure\/","url_meta":{"origin":1121,"position":4},"title":"Pragmatics and Discourse Structure Relationships","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 6, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0In this article we shall be examining the relationships between Pragmatics and Discourse Structure or some other ways speakers and writers encode meaning using some grammatical elements in discourse. Discourse (as we shall see in detail later), is the actual use of language in specific situations or what you may\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"PRAGMATICS AND DISCOURSE STRUCTURE","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1110,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/some-theoretical-contributions-to-pragmatics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1121,"position":5},"title":"Some Theoretical Contributions to Pragmatics","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 6, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Generally pragmatic theories attempt to explain how utterances convey meaning in context, explain how meaning is decoded from utterances in context especially in particular situations and how the context contribute to the meaning making enterprise. They also endeavour to explain how speakers can say one thing and mean another, how\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1121"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2356,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1121\/revisions\/2356"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}