{"id":1172,"date":"2022-03-18T09:57:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-18T07:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T22:05:54","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T20:05:54","slug":"the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The Research Process in Theatre For Development"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">The term research process carries the meaning of series of actions, tasks or steps that are taken to achieve result during investigation. In <a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/the-concept-of-theatre-for-development.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">theatre for development<\/a> that something is increasing participation of the people that animateurs work with so that they can make change in their lives. The change that takes place in the lives of target group is what becomes education.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/study.com\/cimages\/videopreview\/tuv88yr3te.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"The Research Process in Theatre For Development\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/study.com\/cimages\/videopreview\/tuv88yr3te.jpg?resize=640%2C360&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"The Research Process in Theatre For Development\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"450\" data-original-width=\"800\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The Research Process in Theatre For Development<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d9214c08756\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d9214c08756\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#1_Overview_of_the_Process\" >1. Overview of the Process<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#2_Issue_identification\" >2. Issue identification<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#3_Information_gathering\" >3. Information gathering<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#4_Behaviour_Change\" >4. Behaviour Change<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#Behaviours_to_promote\" >Behaviours to promote<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#Target_Groups_for_Behaviour_Change\" >Target Groups for Behaviour Change<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#Methods_of_Changing_Behaviour\" >Methods of Changing Behaviour<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#Barriers_to_Behaviour_Change_There_are_four_groups_of_barriers\" >Barriers to Behaviour Change: There are four groups of barriers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#5_Institutions\" >5. Institutions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#6_Issue_Analysis\" >6. Issue Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#7_Field_work\" >7. Field work<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#_Unstructured_Interviews\" >\u00a0Unstructured Interviews<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#Semi-Structured_Interviews\" >Semi-Structured Interviews<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2\/#Structured_Interview\" >Structured Interview<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Overview_of_the_Process\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1. Overview of the Process<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">The process of FDF involves with varying degrees, seven steps. Though they look like steps following a straight line, <\/span><b style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">they <\/b><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">are interlinked back to information gathering.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Issue_identification\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2. Issue identification<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">This requires being close to the target group. Issues are various constraints or challenges that the target group faces. The biggest challenge of our time is HIV\/AIDS. It is a disease that is taking away human life. It persists despite threatening to wipe away whole populations It is the main concern of every person in the world today. Issues come out of discussion with leaders, observation and listening to local people.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Information_gathering\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3. Information gathering<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">The focus of TDF in relation is on behaviour change in communities. The concept of community carries the meaning of people living together and sharing common values. In order to know what behaviours, practices and values that have contributed to the spread of HIV\/AIDS, you need to have a broad picture that should include i) recent History in relation to HIV\/AIDS ii) Behaviours, Practices and values that contribute to the spread of HIV\/AIDS iii) impact of HIV\/AIDS at household level.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">All these aspects of the broader picture become clear when you embark on information gathering. To gather information, you can use research tools. The tools for researchers include questionnaires, interviews etc. The research tools you are going to learn more about are those embodied in participatory learn approaches and interviews. The PLA tools are much easier to understand and apply. Though they look simple, they are scientific tools in their approach b<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #34363a; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">ecause they help the researcher to collect information in a systematic way. You should begin gathering information within the group and later move into the community.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Behaviour_Change\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">4. Behaviour Change<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">In development work you are concerned with effecting some change in behavior and attitudes. Without promoting change nothing happens. But change in not easy. It requires patience and skill in dealing with human beings. Kebaabetsare and Norr (2002) have stated that understanding the behaviours that put people at risk of contracting HIV and identifying ways of changing such behaviours is a sure way of stopping the spread of HIV in Africa and other developing Countries.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Behaviours_to_promote\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Behaviours to promote<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">The ABC (Abstinence, being faithful and condom&#8217; use, are recognized as positive behaviours that can reduce the spread of HIV.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">a)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Abstinence &#8211; this involves delay of sexual experience especially for adolescents<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">b)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Being faithful \u2014 sticking to one sexual partner or reducing the number of sexual partners<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #34363a; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"> <span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;\">Condom use: Effective use of condoms. This is more effective among Commercial Sex Workers (CSWs). Sometimes distribution of condoms to school-going children has aroused opposition. The Minister of Education in Zambia has banned distribution of condoms in schools<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Target_Groups_for_Behaviour_Change\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Target Groups for Behaviour Change<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<figure><a style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1186%2F1748-5908-6-42\/MediaObjects\/13012_2011_Article_352_Fig1_HTML.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"The Research Process in Theatre For Development - Behavioural Change\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1186%2F1748-5908-6-42\/MediaObjects\/13012_2011_Article_352_Fig1_HTML.jpg?resize=640%2C351&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"The Research Process in Theatre For Development - Behavioural Change\" width=\"640\" height=\"351\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"376\" data-original-width=\"685\"><\/a><\/figure><div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<b><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">There are two approaches in terms of focus on:<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">i.<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Epidemiologic Approaches<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Targets high risk groups such as CSWs, Injection Drug Users (IDUs), men having sex with men and Lesbians, adolescents, young adults and women, c<span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.05pt;\">an be cost effective and efficacious (efficient)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Holistic Approach<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Targets the general population<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">This could help in reducing stigma because it targets every one. It can also gain political support because it is popular. One weakness is that it can be costly- spread of resources rather thinly.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Methods_of_Changing_Behaviour\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Methods of Changing Behaviour<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">There are two broad methodological approaches each with specific models to behaviour change:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Small\/ individual group models \u2014 <\/b>These focus on understanding and explaining were change can take place in individuals and in small groups.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Health beliefs model: This identifies four key beliefs or perceptions to behaviour change as:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">a)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Threat \u2014 when people see threat they can change<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">b)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Efficacy (Self Confidence) and benefits<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">c)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Barriers or negative effects \u2014these have to be identified<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">d)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">Cues to action &#8211; e.g Mass campaigns<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Theory of reasoned action model: This identifies the intention in people as the route to change. Intention is influenced by:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">a)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">perceived outcomes<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">b)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">evaluation of outcomes or social norms (especially expectation). Efficiency rehearsal and support<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">c)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Increasing self-efficacy through identifying modeling.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">iii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; integrated social learning model: identifies the following as key to behaviour change.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">a)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Positive Cost\/benefit ratios<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">b)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Strong Intent<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">c)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Necessary skills<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">d)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">High self -efficacy (self-confidence)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">e)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Expected positive emotional response<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">f)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Compatibility of behaviour with self-image<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">g)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Greater perceived social pressure to perform a behaviour than not to perform<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">h)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Fewer environmental constraints to perform a behaviour than not performing<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">iv)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The AIDS risk reduction model: there are three basic steps<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">a)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Labeling one&#8217;s own behaviour as risky<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">b)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Making a commitment to reducing risk behaviour<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">c)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Taking action to perform the desired change.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">v.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Trans-theoretical Model identifies four steps:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%;\">i. precontemplation<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 150%;\">ii. contemplation<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">iii. action<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">iv. maintenance<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Community\/ Societal models:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Directed at entire communities and aims at making structural<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">changes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Different approaches\/theories which support this include<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">i)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Diffusion of Innovation theory \u2014 change is brought about by innovators i.e influential people. This relies on use of peer educators<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">ii)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Mass media campaign<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt; line-height: 150%;\">-Use of Video, TV dramas posters and mass rallies<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">iii)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Community Empowerment Approach \u2014 also called Community organization, Community mobilization, Action research. Community empower,ment approach addresses behaviour broadly and actively involves community members in designing, executing and evaluating the project<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">iv)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Social Marketng \u2014 uses commercial methods to promote behaviour change. The marketing of condoms in Zambia through advertisements is an example of social marketing. It involves structural change because it changes social norms and reduces structural barriers<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">v)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Policy or infrastructure changes \u2014 these are policy changes that affect structures e.g distribution of condoms to all sex workers<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Barriers_to_Behaviour_Change_There_are_four_groups_of_barriers\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Barriers to Behaviour Change: There are four groups of barriers<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Economic barriers<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">Poverty &#8211; leads to sex work<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Migrant work separates families. When away, migrant workers turn to CSW. The spouses who remain behind engage in extra marital sex.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Prolonged separation due to studies<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Migration i.e due to famine and political conflicts<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Social and Cultural barriers<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">Stigma and denial. Stigma is characterized by:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">fear to discuss the disease <br>failure to recognize personal risk<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">prevention or reluctance to learn or disclose HIV\/Status<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">In Zambia the major problem is stigma. The Zambia millennium goals report singles out stigma, attitude and misconceptions as major health and economic challenges (Republic of Zambia 2003: 24) stigma involves<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Familial concealment (hiding) of HIV status and AIDS related deaths<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Not discussing sexuality openly except during traditional initiation rites<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Parents not willing to educate children on about HIV transmission<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Rejection of sex education in schools<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Women having limited power to negotiate safer sexual practices due to lack of economic, political power<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Polygamy<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Organizational barriers<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt; line-height: 150%;\">Competition over resources<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Not evaluating behaviour change interventions to establish comparative advantage<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Political barriers<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\">Weak, unstable governments<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/global-conflict-trends-and-nature-of.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Armed conflict<\/a> and health crises<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\"> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;\">Wide spread misinformation denial and stigma<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Lack of policies on poverty reduction<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;\">Lack of political will at high level of state power.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Institutions\"><\/span><a name=\"_Toc56611492\"><\/a><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">5. Institutions<\/span><\/b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">You are going to identify institutions that support or work with people affected or infected with HIV\/AIDS. To be affected is to suffer as a result of another person being a patient of HIV\/AIDS. When parents are sick, children are affected. They are deprived of the care they used to receive because the parents are not able to do all those things they used to do such as working to fend for the family.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">To be infected is to carry HIV\/AIDS in the body. People that are sick are said to be living with HIV\/AIDS. Due to the concern that HIV\/AIDS has created, nations and the international community have responded by creating institutions large and small, local and international, that give support to the affected and infected.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Issue_Analysis\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">6. Issue Analysis<\/span><\/b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #3e3c3b; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">You have now collected and analyzed information in different groups. Information you have put on flip charts covers I) recent history using time lines ii) Behaviours, values and attitudes that contribute to spread of HIV\/AIDS using matrices iii) Institutions that support those infected using venn diagrams and iv) impact of HIV\/AlDs at household level using maps. The use of PLAs instantaneously leads to issue analysis. At the end you are required to create composite tools to give greater validity to the findings through intergroup PLA agreement.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Field_work\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">7. Field work<\/span><\/b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">Now that you have collected information from among yourselves, you will go into the field and collect further information. Field work requires preparation in terms of i) methods of collecting information ii) preparing the people to receive you iii) gaining entree in the community<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">a) Methods of collecting information. You can use PLAs to go and collect information from the community. In fact extension of PLAs to the communities increases group participation. That you are quite skilled to use PLAs, you will look at the use of interviews to collect information. Interviews are suitable for collecting information from individuals. There are three types of interviews: 1) unstructured, semi structured and structured interview.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Unstructured_Interviews\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">\u00a0Unstructured Interviews<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">Unstructured Interviews are also referred to as clinical interviews. Questions are not written and interviews arise from conversations. A conversation is a discussion with a purpose. These interviews flow from asking grand tour questions. They would involve asking questions like &#8220;how long have you been here&#8217;?&#8221; &#8216;Tell me what do you normally do in your life to earn a living&#8221;. Questions of this nature are designed to ease the atmosphere and to bring the researcher and the researched closer. There is also need for the researcher to make a deliberate effort to stop and let the interviewee ask some questions. <span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.05pt;\">Unstructured interviews can unlock new and often unintended discoveries.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Semi-Structured_Interviews\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">Semi-Structured Interviews<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">Semi-structured interviews these are interviews which follow preformed questions. At the beginning, you prepare a series of questions to guide the interview. Questions can be asked in a different order as the interview proceeds when you ask the interviewee one question but in answering the first question interviewee answer also question two, in that case do not repeat question two. Interviews can be recorded or written down. If recorded, it is advisable to use a small tape recorder with an in built microphone. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">The recorder can be an obstruction to free and natural conversations for a varying length of time. Awareness of the machine can cause some uneasiness on the part of the interviewee. It is good for the researcher to talk about the recorder. If no explanation is given for presence of a tape recorder, the interviewee can remain apprehensive about its presence. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">If an explanation is made and permission sought awareness of its intrusion may not last long. One way of making a recorder interviewee-friendly is to play back a short part of the conversation that has taken place in the first five also minutes of each interview. A researcher can say something like &#8220;let us listen to what we have recorded so far&#8221;. The listening can provide the interviewee with extra courage and confidence as well as ease tensions.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structured_Interview\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">Structured Interview<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Structured interview<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"> <\/b><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\">is a set of carefully worded questions. The questions are arranged under subheadings of the topic under investigation and are asked of interviewees in the same order. For example, in an investigation on listening to the girl child questions were arranged under the subheadings: aspirations and expectations, family expectations and class interactions. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0The term research process carries the meaning of series of actions, tasks or steps that are taken to achieve result [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":75,"footnotes":""},"categories":[82,75,362],"tags":[53,81],"class_list":["post-1172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-drama","category-research","category-theater-for-development","tag-development-studies","tag-theatre-for-development"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":641,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-origin-of-theatre-for-development\/","url_meta":{"origin":1172,"position":0},"title":"The origin of Theatre for Development","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 16, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FZY-JV9Bj6Y The origin of Theatre for Development can be traced back in the late 1970s as a social movement that disseminated information on issues of development at the grassroots level in the developing world. It was an offshoot of thetravelling theatre movement but nurtured by the adult education movement. Chikwakwa\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Biology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Biology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/biology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The origin of Theatre for Development","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.jpg?fit=800%2C654&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.jpg?fit=800%2C654&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.jpg?fit=800%2C654&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.jpg?fit=800%2C654&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1180,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/genesis-and-evolution-of-theatre-for-development\/","url_meta":{"origin":1172,"position":1},"title":"Genesis and Evolution of Theatre for Development","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0TFD emerged in the late 1970s as a social movement that disseminated information on issues of development at grassroot level in the developing world. The Evolution of Theatre for Development was an offshoot of the travelling theatre movement but nurtured by the adult education movement.\u00a0 Chikwakwa travelling theatre in Zambia\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Drama&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Drama","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/drama\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Genesis and Evolution of TfD","src":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg\/800px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg\/800px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg 1x, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg\/800px-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB.jpg 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1178,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-concept-of-theatre-for-development-tfd-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":1172,"position":2},"title":"The Concept of Theatre for Development (TfD)","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=s_-eBBB2-EQ \u00a0Theatre for Development refers to the theatre for community animation theatre for integrated development, theatre for the marginalised, theatre for rural development and simply popular theatre. 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The Concept of Theatre for Development (TfD) In 1977, popular theatre\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The Concept of Theatre for Development (TfD)","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C870&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C870&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C870&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C870&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theatre-for-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C870&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":650,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-origin-of-popular-theatre-in-botswana\/","url_meta":{"origin":1172,"position":4},"title":"The origin of popular theatre in Botswana","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 16, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Popular theatre began in Botswana in 1974 with a programme that was called 'Laedza Batanani'. The idea came from Ross Kidd, an expatriate adult educator working for the University in the northern part of the country (the Bokalaka). 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The idea came from Ross Kidd, an expatriate adult educator working for the University in the northern part of the country (the Bokalaka). 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