{"id":1186,"date":"2022-03-16T21:36:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-16T19:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/the-context-of-industrial-relations\/"},"modified":"2024-03-15T08:51:35","modified_gmt":"2024-03-15T06:51:35","slug":"the-context-of-industrial-relations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-industrial-relations\/","title":{"rendered":"THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>There are 2 main dimensions in the context of <span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/3-actors-in-the-industrial-relations-system-2\/\">Industrial Relations<\/a>, namely internal and external context. The&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/motivemeaning.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/introduction-to-industrial-relations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Industrial Relations<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; text-align: justify;\">are conducted within the external context of the national political-economic, the international influence and the internal context of the organization.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ac477b82dc31\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ac477b82dc31\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-industrial-relations\/#1_The_Political_Context\" >1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Political Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-industrial-relations\/#2_The_Economic_Context\" >2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Economic Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-industrial-relations\/#3_The_Regional_Grouping_Context\" >3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Regional Grouping Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-context-of-industrial-relations\/#4_The_Intra-Organizational_Context\" >4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Intra-Organizational Context<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_The_Political_Context\"><\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">1.<span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The Political Context<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div><b><\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/slideplayer.com\/5\/1493307\/big_thumb.jpg?ssl=1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"338\" data-original-width=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/slideplayer.com\/5\/1493307\/big_thumb.jpg?ssl=1\" title=\"THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><br \/><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The Political Context is formed by the government of the day.&nbsp; Some governments will want to curb the power of the trade unions through legislation and will succeed to some degree.&nbsp; Some will be committed to some changes in the area of trade union recognition but can say that it does not intend to make any other major changes to existing trade unions legislation.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_The_Economic_Context\"><\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">2.<span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The Economic Context<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><br \/><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The Economic Context affects employment with fluctuation and workforce downsizing mostly in the manufacturing sector.&nbsp; This sector has experienced capital intensive technology rather than labour intensity.&nbsp; This has weakened power of the unions and their ability to bargain economically.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_The_Regional_Grouping_Context\"><\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">3.<span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The Regional Grouping Context<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The conduct of employee relations in EU countries and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">COMESA<\/a> Employees\u2019 relations concerning works councils, free movement of labour, working hours, and many countries are affected by the regional treaty and Programme of action regulations and initiatives of these same&nbsp; groupings .<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_The_Intra-Organizational_Context\"><\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">4.<span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The Intra-Organizational Context<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">The need to take \u2018costs out of the business\u2019 has meant that employers have focused on cost of labour usually the highest and most difficult cost to reduce.&nbsp; Hence, the \u2018lean organization\u2019 movement and large scale redundancies, especially in manufacturing sector.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 4.5pt 108.0pt right 432.0pt; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">There has been pressure for greater flexibility and increased management control of operations.&nbsp; This situation has had a direct impact on employee relations\u2019 policies and union agreements.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;\">The widespread introduction of new technology and information technology has aimed to increase productivity by achieving higher levels of efficiency and reducing labour costs.&nbsp; Organizations are relying more on a core of key full-time staff, leaving the peripheral work to be done by subcontractors and the increasing numbers of part-timers of women and men.&nbsp; This has reduced the number of employees who wish to join unions or remain trade union members.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are 2 main dimensions in the context of Industrial Relations, namely internal and external context. The&nbsp;&nbsp;Industrial Relations&nbsp;are conducted within [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":155,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[134,155],"tags":[47],"class_list":["post-1186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-industrial-psychology","category-industrial-relations","tag-industrial-relations"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There are 2 main dimensions in the context of Industrial Relations, namely internal and external context. 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