{"id":1204,"date":"2022-03-08T21:52:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T19:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/"},"modified":"2024-03-15T09:39:31","modified_gmt":"2024-03-15T07:39:31","slug":"artificial-vegetative-propagation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial Vegetative Propagation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><strong><span style=\"mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;\">Artificial vegetative propagation<\/span><\/strong>&nbsp;is a type of plant reproduction that is accomplished through artificial means involving human intervention. The most common types of artificial vegetative reproductive techniques involve cutting, layering, grafting, suckering, and tissue culture. These methods are employed by many farmers and horticulturists to produce healthier crops with more desirable qualities.<o:p><\/o:p><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69dcb8c7d6296\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69dcb8c7d6296\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/#Principal_Methods_of_Artificial_Vegetative_Propagation\" >Principal Methods of Artificial Vegetative Propagation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/#a_Cuttings\" >(a)&nbsp;&nbsp; Cuttings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/#b_Layering\" >(b)&nbsp; Layering<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/#c_Grafting_and_Budding\" >(c)&nbsp;&nbsp; Grafting and Budding<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/#d_Methods_of_Budding\" >(d)&nbsp; Methods of Budding<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/artificial-vegetative-propagation\/#Suckers\" >Suckers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principal_Methods_of_Artificial_Vegetative_Propagation\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Principal Methods of Artificial Vegetative Propagation<\/span><\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The main methods of vegetative propagation used in practice are as follows:<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 66.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 66.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 48.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -48.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(i)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Cuttings<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 66.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 66.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 50.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -48.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(ii)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Layering<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 66.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 66.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 53.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -48.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(iii)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Grafting and budding<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 66.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 66.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 53.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -48.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(iv)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Suckers<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a_Cuttings\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(a)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Cuttings<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">These are portions of plants which are cut and used for multiplying the plant. They may be stem, whole leaf or piece of the root. Examples of plants which use cutting are sweet potatoes, cassava and ornamentals such as Bougainvillea and Hibiscus.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEg19og27J2WLoO682jRN4wYyptROVR2S4MTSixg5y8ieUMcwqJ9LVu1YqJDhOZLf-LJ6ks_R7BBwueZKpYosjW8dZZzJDeTdPKW5mWdeV610wWLfxFdm5Ff_9xUPTMVouyn4TIu6D0Sea6fxhlLqUnB5F4TygP8m4tpohouqmvn2AYc2gienUtACorO\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Artificial Vegetative Propagation\" data-original-height=\"397\" data-original-width=\"781\" height=\"326\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEg19og27J2WLoO682jRN4wYyptROVR2S4MTSixg5y8ieUMcwqJ9LVu1YqJDhOZLf-LJ6ks_R7BBwueZKpYosjW8dZZzJDeTdPKW5mWdeV610wWLfxFdm5Ff_9xUPTMVouyn4TIu6D0Sea6fxhlLqUnB5F4TygP8m4tpohouqmvn2AYc2gienUtACorO=w640-h326\" title=\"Artificial Vegetative Propagation\" width=\"640\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b_Layering\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(b)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Layering<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This involves the induction of the plants to produce roots on their stems before these stems are severed from their parent plant to be used for producing new individuals. The plants are induced to produce roots when the stem part is buried in a medium which is kept moist. The wounding of the part of the stem which buried exposes the stem cambium which gives rise to roots. Further the wounding and\/or bending of the branch blocks downward movement of materials synthesised in the <a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/types-of-leaves-and-leaf-structure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leaves<\/a>. These accumulate in the part which is buried thereby promoting <a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/structure-of-flowering-plant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rooting<\/a>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"c_Grafting_and_Budding\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(c)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Grafting and Budding<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Grafting is the uniting of two separate, usually woody, structures. For example, the union of a stem to a root or more commonly the union of two stems. The upper part is called the scion has usually one or more buds which give rise to the future fruiting plant. Budding is a rapid method which is confined to small branches of large or small plants. The diameter of stem being budded is usually 6-25mm. Budding is particularly successful with tree crops e.g. citrus, avocado and cashew. The bud or scion must be taken from a high yielding tree of good quality, while the rootstock must be hardly and vigorous. After the bud has set and started to grow the part of the stock above the bud must be cut off.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjGxe5CKeGsbcjSqD0Uu6VGixrnKzA09W_B9UIDkouo3ettmfAY-l1P5bUAV81jkMgiKxZOD7zwjAk5Pr0I4GJrpyf40ByRUikRckkVPEwSJ-_-l_R6i5EjIEOXqgqI-uAp1VCYdaftjXEVmiwxStMPFI0Qdqj4NwNtrlgPri8kys3ajNHp4w8mY1ja\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Grafting in Artificial Vegetative Propagation\" data-original-height=\"408\" data-original-width=\"781\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjGxe5CKeGsbcjSqD0Uu6VGixrnKzA09W_B9UIDkouo3ettmfAY-l1P5bUAV81jkMgiKxZOD7zwjAk5Pr0I4GJrpyf40ByRUikRckkVPEwSJ-_-l_R6i5EjIEOXqgqI-uAp1VCYdaftjXEVmiwxStMPFI0Qdqj4NwNtrlgPri8kys3ajNHp4w8mY1ja=w640-h334\" title=\"Grafting - Artificial Vegetative Propagation\" width=\"640\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Grafting &#8211; Artificial Vegetative Propagation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"d_Methods_of_Budding\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(d)<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Methods of Budding<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The commonest method of budding is T-budding which is widely used in the budding of citrus. The procedure in citrus involves the following.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(i)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Incision of a T-shaped cut in the stem of the rootstock at a height of about 45cm using a special, sharp knife.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(ii)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp; <\/span>A well-developed vegetative bud from a desirable tree is then excised from the tree and inserted into the T-cut by first raising the flaps of the bark in the cut. The bud union is then carefully wrapped either with raffia or budding tape to prevent water entry as this would cause rotting. This tape is removed later after the bud has taken.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 18pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(iii)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>After the bud has taken the part of the rootstock above the bud is half broken and then bent and later on removed completely by severing it off with a sharp knife. Under most wet environment (more rainfall) inverted T-budding is used in which case the bud is inserted into the cut from below.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The diagrams below are showing how to carry out budding in citrus trees.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgFkkMcBGgfJuddZZwHntuvARTa0-uQy_rNA2iG26qxzKbIjysxwq0hrzaHzXesIpLUkvOjGw39-Hxz3vRC6CkLvpL_FF_xlNnMOYJ52o_3NAoFvO1sa_xo8-ytykoVK7qz2MyhVTmZU7BCxWtdQAguSp_d31DGaZOOxwhD3LzueYB7w_77_IoLe6D_\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Budding as Artificial Vegetative Propagation\" data-original-height=\"528\" data-original-width=\"941\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgFkkMcBGgfJuddZZwHntuvARTa0-uQy_rNA2iG26qxzKbIjysxwq0hrzaHzXesIpLUkvOjGw39-Hxz3vRC6CkLvpL_FF_xlNnMOYJ52o_3NAoFvO1sa_xo8-ytykoVK7qz2MyhVTmZU7BCxWtdQAguSp_d31DGaZOOxwhD3LzueYB7w_77_IoLe6D_=w640-h360\" title=\"Budding as Artificial Vegetative Propagation\" width=\"640\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Budding as Artificial Vegetative Propagation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Suckers\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Suckers<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><span color=\"windowtext\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/plant-propagation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Suckers<\/a> are special shoots produced by some plants (e.g. banana). These are divided from the parent plant and transplanted to grow naturally into a new plant.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Artificial vegetative propagation&nbsp;is a type of plant reproduction that is accomplished through artificial means involving human intervention. The most [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":162,"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,162,58],"tags":[328,326],"class_list":["post-1204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","category-botany","category-integrated-science","tag-plant-biology","tag-plant-reproduction"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1203,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/plant-propagation-natural-vegetative-method\/","url_meta":{"origin":1204,"position":0},"title":"Plant Propagation &#8211; Natural Vegetative Method","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Plant propagation involves the formation and development of new individuals which are utilised in the establishment of new plantings. The importance of plant propagation in crop production is that it perpetuates plants as independent units. There are two main ways or methods of plant propagation. First, propagation by seed (sometimes\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Biology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Biology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/biology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Plant Propagation","src":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEi88xo9hRxUBpwc6r2ke3-lTqAHuK6KWoCEhtLgeooPYNyoimTiqleuSjK9jmjukP3rbK5nj3OURvMDmFKfVwxIKUgnPZvbwZGvjEUoskvcSjpsfvE0CWRk6XZMOogvx0ZnrAQGO2sew7eNRlk_kMf1mqEVxW4vqvqMMPej22q_QT3V5oJlAfx04WYA=w640-h426","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEi88xo9hRxUBpwc6r2ke3-lTqAHuK6KWoCEhtLgeooPYNyoimTiqleuSjK9jmjukP3rbK5nj3OURvMDmFKfVwxIKUgnPZvbwZGvjEUoskvcSjpsfvE0CWRk6XZMOogvx0ZnrAQGO2sew7eNRlk_kMf1mqEVxW4vqvqMMPej22q_QT3V5oJlAfx04WYA=w640-h426 1x, https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEi88xo9hRxUBpwc6r2ke3-lTqAHuK6KWoCEhtLgeooPYNyoimTiqleuSjK9jmjukP3rbK5nj3OURvMDmFKfVwxIKUgnPZvbwZGvjEUoskvcSjpsfvE0CWRk6XZMOogvx0ZnrAQGO2sew7eNRlk_kMf1mqEVxW4vqvqMMPej22q_QT3V5oJlAfx04WYA=w640-h426 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1202,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/principles-and-5-types-of-crop-production\/","url_meta":{"origin":1204,"position":1},"title":"Principles and 5 Types of Crop Production","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Through crop production you will learn the principles and practices of cultivating and managing crop plants for human and animal consumption or for industrial uses. You will also discover that the type of crop is to be grown determined by factors such as the amount and distribution of rainfall, relative\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Biology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Biology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/biology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Principle and 5 Types of Crop Production","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/netstorage-legit.akamaized.net\/images\/vllkyt6u9noq4n6ag.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/netstorage-legit.akamaized.net\/images\/vllkyt6u9noq4n6ag.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/netstorage-legit.akamaized.net\/images\/vllkyt6u9noq4n6ag.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1198,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/reproduction-of-the-flowering-plants\/","url_meta":{"origin":1204,"position":2},"title":"Reproduction of the flowering plants","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 9, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h7rNmdJTW-8 The flowering plants or angiosperm have reproductive structures found within, structures called flowers and the seeds, while developing and enclosed within a fruit. Flowers are organs which are specialized for sexual reproduction. Despite the different shapes and sizes of flowers, they are all made up of similar parts. 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There is a need for change which must include greater government funding for\u00a0ZAWA\u00a0(and reduced reliance on\u00a0GMAs\u00a0for their income) and models that allow for much greater\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION for education","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1208,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/importance-of-wild-life-conservation\/","url_meta":{"origin":1204,"position":4},"title":"IMPORTANCE OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IPWaPO435QY Wild life conservation is a duty of any well-meaning organisation and all institutions, including governments, for the best interests of the local populations. A business as usual approach to GMAs would almost certainly result in perpetuation of the current cycle of declining ecological and economic productivity and waning social\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Integrated Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Integrated Science","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/integrated-science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"IMPORTANCE OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1201,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-of-leaves-and-leaf-structure\/","url_meta":{"origin":1204,"position":5},"title":"Types of leaves and leaf structure","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qBdAKG-3V4o Leaves are specialised to capture light for photosynthesis. 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