{"id":1206,"date":"2022-03-08T21:09:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T19:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T21:06:16","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T19:06:16","slug":"10-major-threats-to-wildlife","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/","title":{"rendered":"10 Major Threats to wildlife"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/living-organisms-organization-functions-structure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0<\/a><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/living-organisms-organization-functions-structure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Living organisms<\/a> face a constant barrage of external stresses or <b>threats to\u00a0 the wildlife<\/b> that challenge their ability to survive and reproduce. If a species is unable to successfully cope with these threats through adaptation, they may face extinction.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Threats to wild life and Animals Self defense Techniques\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dOl0Isgxly8?start=18&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Threats to Wildlife<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A constantly changing physical environment requires organisms to adapt to new temperatures, climates, and atmospheric conditions. Living things must also deal with unexpected events such as volcanic eruptions,&nbsp;earthquakes, meteor strikes, fires, and hurricanes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Threatening processes are practices that are reducing or will reduce the biodiversity and ecological integrity of a regional ecosystem and its <a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/importance-of-wild-life-conservation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildlife<\/a>. Processes that are threats to wildlife include:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d6488b1fdeb\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d6488b1fdeb\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#1_Inappropriate_grazing_and_fire_regimes\" >1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inappropriate grazing and fire regimes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#2_Invasive_plants_and_animals\" >2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Invasive plants and animals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#3_Invasive_species\" >3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Invasive species<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#4_Invasive_animals\" >4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Invasive animals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#5_Invasive_plants\" >5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Invasive plants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#6_Marine_pests\" >6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marine pests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#7_Diseases_fungi_and_parasites\" >7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Diseases, fungi and parasites<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#8_Man-Made_Threats\" >8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Man-Made Threats<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#9_Specific_Threats_in_Zambian_GMAs\" >9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Specific Threats in Zambian GMAs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/10-major-threats-to-wildlife\/#10_Human_Population_Growth\" >10.&nbsp;&nbsp;Human Population Growth<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Inappropriate_grazing_and_fire_regimes\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">1.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Inappropriate grazing and fire regimes<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Grazing pressure from domestic stock and introduced animals (such as rabbits) can have a negative impact on habitat of native animals. Changes in the frequency and intensity of fire can cause wildlife populations to decline. Some species depend on a suitable fire regime for successful regeneration and survival.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Invasive_plants_and_animals\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">2.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Invasive plants and animals<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The global movement of goods and people are directly contributing to the introduction of plants and animals to areas where they do not naturally occur. These species taken to new environments may fail to survive but some thrive and become invasive. This process, together with habitat destruction, has been a major cause of extinction of native species in many <a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/forests-and-forest-conservation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Reserve<\/a> Areas.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Invasive_species\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">3.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">&nbsp;Invasive species<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">animals<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">plants<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">introduced marine pests<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">diseases, fungi and parasites<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Invasive_animals\"><\/span><!-- [if !supportLists]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">4.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Invasive animals<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Introduced pest animals place considerable pressure on native wildlife. While some impacts have been well documented, the true impact of invasive animals on environment is unknown and difficult to quantify. Invasive species such as&nbsp;foxes&nbsp;and&nbsp;feral cats, prey on native fauna and have been implicated in the decline or extinction of at least 17 native species. Cane toads compete for food, shelter and breeding sites with native animals. This is thought to be an important factor in the decline of many native animals, particularly the decline in number of some native frogs.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Invasive_plants\"><\/span><!-- [if !supportLists]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">5.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Invasive plants<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Weeds can degrade native vegetation and have a detrimental impact on biodiversity. The loss and degradation of native plant and animal habitat by invasion of escaped garden plants, including aquatic plants is listed as a key threatened process and has had a listing advice developed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Aquarium and other aquatic plants can carry pathogens that can devastate native populations of plants and animals.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Marine_pests\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">6.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Marine pests<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">There are a number of non-native marine pests\u00a0(reported in Australian waters most of which were introduced accidentally by shipping and aquaculture activities. Some, including several crabs, mussels, seastars and seaweeds have been found to have a significant impact on marine ecosystems.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Diseases_fungi_and_parasites\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">7.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Diseases, fungi and parasites<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Diseases, fungi and parasites can reduce the ability of native plant and animal species to reproduce or survive. Due to their reduced or restricted populations and the impacts of other threatening processes, threatened species can be particularly vulnerable to introduced diseases, fungi and parasites.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Man-Made_Threats\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">8.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Man-Made Threats<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Man-made threats can be classified into the following general categories:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Land clearing:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Loss of natural habitat through land clearing for pastoral purposes, urban <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> and agriculture can threaten native wildlife and their habitat. Land clearing causes species decline and habitat loss, exacerbates other threatening processes, and reduces the resilience of threatened species to survive future challenges such as climate change.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Collection:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Collecting native plants and plant parts is another threat to some of the native plants. Some ferns, tree ferns, cycads and orchids are seriously threatened by collecting. Even common plants like grasstrees and staghorn are at risk. Individual plants can be damaged when stems, fruits and flowers are removed. Collecting a plant&#8217;s seeds reduces the prospects for successful regeneration.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Habitat Destruction &amp; Fragmentation<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">: The destruction or splitting up of once continuous habitat to enable humans to use the land for agriculture, <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> of towns and cities, construction of dams, or other purposes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Climate Change<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">: &#8211; Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, have altered the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere and have resulted in global climate changes.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Introduction of Exotic Species:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u00a0Accidental and intentional introduction of non-native species into regions never before occupied by the species have resulted in the extinction of numerous endemic species.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Pollution:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u00a0Pollutants (pesticides, herbicides, etc.) released into the environment are ingested by a wide variety of organisms.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Over-Exploitation of Resources<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">: Exploitation of wild populations for food has resulted in population crashes (over-fishing, for example).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Hunting, Poaching, Illegal Trade of Endangered Species:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u00a0Some endangered species are targeted for their value on illegal markets.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Accidental Deaths<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">: \u00a0Car hits, window collisions (birds), collisions with ships (whales).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Ecosystems explained:  Explore the Habitat for Plants and Animals\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ijh99X949q4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Specific_Threats_in_Zambian_GMAs\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">9.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Specific Threats in Zambian GMAs<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The advent of wildlife conservation demarcated National Parks as sanctuaries for wildlife devoid of human occupation and <a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/game-management-areas-gma.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GMA<\/a>s as areas where humans and wildlife are supposed to co-exist. The co-existence of people and wildlife has been a subject of concern in the management of wildlife in the GMAs by wildlife managers.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In some situations, however, human interactions with wildlife are negative. Wild animals eat livestock and damage crops, and they at times injure or kill humans, leading to a conflict. Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) is a face-off between people and wildlife over space or resources. Typically, conflict involves wildlife that consumes pasture or crops, or attacks domestic stock or even humans who kill wildlife in reprisal.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A set of global trends has contributed to the escalation of HWC worldwide. These can be grouped into human population <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a>, landuse transformation, increasing wildlife population as a result of conservation programmes and climatic factors.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Human_Population_Growth\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">10.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Human Population Growth<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Demographic and social changes that have taken place move people in direct contact with wildlife: as human populations grow, settlements expand into and around protected areas (IUCN, 1976), as well as in urban and sub-urban areas. In LGMA for example, human population <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a> has been on the increase in most Chiefdoms, however, in the year 1963, Chiefs Malama, Msoro, Jumbe, and Mkhanya recorded a decrease in population.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This could be attributed to migration of the people to other parts of the GMA. Thus in the years 1990 and 2000, population had increased considerably in almost all the Chiefdoms leading to the expansion and spread of human settlements into wildlife habitats. This has led into the constriction of species into wildlife habitats, and constriction of species into marginal habitat patches and direct competition with local communities.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Trophy hunting is the primary land use in most <a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/game-management-areas-gma.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GMAs<\/a> and is practised over a vast area. There are no effective restrictions on human settlement in <a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/game-management-areas-gma.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GMAs<\/a> and there are large and expanding human populations in many of them, and associated high levels of illegal hunting and habitat loss<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Habitat destruction is exacerbated by shifting agriculture, burning for charcoal production, cutting for firewood for small-scale tobacco farming, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> of mines in some GMAs.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Please visit and subscribe to our <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/from-passion-to-presence-a-step-by-step-guide-to-youtube-channel-creation\/\">YouTube Channel<\/a>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DecrolyEducationCentre?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decroly Education Centre (youtube.com)<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/Centre4Elites?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Centre for Elites \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0Living organisms face a constant barrage of external stresses or threats to\u00a0 the wildlife that challenge their ability to survive [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":58,"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,58,160],"tags":[331,332],"class_list":["post-1206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","category-integrated-science","category-wildlife","tag-wildlife","tag-wildlife-conservation"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1205,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/game-management-areas-gma\/","url_meta":{"origin":1206,"position":0},"title":"GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS (GMA)","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Game management is a term that refers to the management of wildlife in the hunting context. The purpose of this type of management is to optimise the production of game on a territory in order to ensure the sustainable exploitation of game without disrupting the farming-forestry-hunting balance. Using different actions,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Integrated Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Integrated Science","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/integrated-science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Game Management Areas in Zambia","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Robert-Richardson-12\/publication\/326943717\/figure\/fig1\/AS%3A877728584712196%401586278210592\/Map-depicting-Game-Management-Areas-in-Zambia-26.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Robert-Richardson-12\/publication\/326943717\/figure\/fig1\/AS%3A877728584712196%401586278210592\/Map-depicting-Game-Management-Areas-in-Zambia-26.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Robert-Richardson-12\/publication\/326943717\/figure\/fig1\/AS%3A877728584712196%401586278210592\/Map-depicting-Game-Management-Areas-in-Zambia-26.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":529,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/importance-of-wildlife-conservation\/","url_meta":{"origin":1206,"position":1},"title":"IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 15, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"A business as usual approach to\u00a0GMAs\u00a0would almost certainly result in perpetuation of the current cycle of declining ecological and economic productivity and waning social benefits. There is a need for change which must include greater government funding for\u00a0ZAWA\u00a0(and reduced reliance on\u00a0GMAs\u00a0for their income) and models that allow for much greater\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION for education","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1208,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/importance-of-wild-life-conservation\/","url_meta":{"origin":1206,"position":2},"title":"IMPORTANCE OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IPWaPO435QY Wild life conservation is a duty of any well-meaning organisation and all institutions, including governments, for the best interests of the local populations. A business as usual approach to GMAs would almost certainly result in perpetuation of the current cycle of declining ecological and economic productivity and waning social\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Integrated Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Integrated Science","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/integrated-science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"IMPORTANCE OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/learning-center.homesciencetools.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/learn-about-animal-homes-thumbnail-1280x720.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1197,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wild-animal-video-birds-flying-over-phosphorus\/","url_meta":{"origin":1206,"position":3},"title":"Wild Animal Video &#8211; Birds flying over Phosphorus","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 9, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Wild Animal Video - Birds flying over Phosphorus","rel":"","context":"In &quot;short video&quot;","block_context":{"text":"short video","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/short-video\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1207,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/animals-self-protection-from-their-enemies\/","url_meta":{"origin":1206,"position":4},"title":"Animals&#8217; self-protection from their enemies","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Every habitat is full of dangers. Animals use their self-protection instinct to save themselves from danger. To do this, they adopt their innate mechanisms of self-protection from their enemies. In this article, we have selected some of the most sophisticated Animals' self-protection measures taken by animals, mostly the vulnerable ones\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Integrated Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Integrated Science","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/integrated-science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Animals' self-protection from their enemies","src":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEhfzS4_pmLwm6YxvNPiA46ajDx_1OLDe3pySh-id8dgpsfZ5Q2fiXZR82mERaaGamuMSDPECn5JCtjcRHFmLKcLwMLAZw7nGm_7q97n4dtxrllD5BbOemn4Ec9GlTpcQhjZBkdzuMmMDANnR9cRRHsILBM6JSW1bVKHhzitI6XY5qhqxY-VsraZNwbW=w320-h118","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1064,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/elements-of-swot-analysis\/","url_meta":{"origin":1206,"position":5},"title":"Elements of SWOT analysis","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 20, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"This article is about SWOT analysis, which has to do with the analysis or evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses; opportunities and threats (SWOT) to an organisation. The strengths and weaknesses deal with the internal circumstances of an organisation while the opportunities and the threats deal with the external environment of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Strategic Management&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Strategic Management","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/strategic-management\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1206"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1206\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2798,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1206\/revisions\/2798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1206"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}