{"id":1215,"date":"2022-03-08T10:35:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T08:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T21:28:02","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T19:28:02","slug":"application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"Application of Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;Kinetic theory has got more applications in daily life, in most of the tools and apparatus we use in our activities. This articles will focus on the major application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8d62022eb7\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8d62022eb7\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory\/#The_Rates_of_Diffusion_and_Kinetic_Theory\" >The Rates of Diffusion and Kinetic Theory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory\/#BROWNIAN_MOTION\" >BROWNIAN MOTION<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory\/#EVAPORATION\" >EVAPORATION<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory\/#COOLING_EFFECT_OF_EVAPORATION\" >COOLING EFFECT OF EVAPORATION<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory\/#Other_Cooling_effects_of_Evaporation\" >Other Cooling effects of Evaporation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Rates_of_Diffusion_and_Kinetic_Theory\"><\/span>The Rates of Diffusion and Kinetic Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"_Toc7684231\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"RATES OF DIFFUSION AND KINETIC THEORY\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zdc7Js3sN1M?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Application of Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory: Rates of Diffusion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Diffusion is the process by which the molecules of one substance mix with those of another as a result of their motion. The substances move freely from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration at their own pace. The rate of diffusion depends on the temperature and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.educom360.com\/courses\/mass-and-weight-volume-and-density\/lesson\/draft-lesson-9\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">density<\/a> of the substances involved as proved in experiment 1.1 and 1.2 below.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Experiment 1.1: <\/span><\/b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Diffusion in gases<\/span><\/i><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Aim:<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\"> <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">to demonstrate the diffusion in hydrogen<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Requirements<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">: hydrogen gas, porous jar, glass tube, coloured water, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-language: FR;\">clamp and stand, <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\"><a href=\"https:\/\/educom360.blogspot.com\/2022\/03\/atmospheric-air.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrogen gas<\/a> passes quite easily through earthenware which is porous. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure below. Introduce hydrogen into a vessel surrounding porous jar. What do you observe?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEi3MB6hIaqMCIlzotfwX0AO9xpCkj2wkviFKrMbE9xoQ-1WgRqcFW0p7soLLTXRmMKVdg1VXnecOaqRb2pZOSTFU4EZVA_OcNx4PUvUijHeWtdSBQuWTLqnOkwoTbmkf4ZRLtp15KAbHE-tBwklYeZ1wp2rMxfirNN4vgzS_ZjnKDSGKRKp3lfLWfHb\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"APPLICATION OF ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY - Diffusion of hydrogen\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEi3MB6hIaqMCIlzotfwX0AO9xpCkj2wkviFKrMbE9xoQ-1WgRqcFW0p7soLLTXRmMKVdg1VXnecOaqRb2pZOSTFU4EZVA_OcNx4PUvUijHeWtdSBQuWTLqnOkwoTbmkf4ZRLtp15KAbHE-tBwklYeZ1wp2rMxfirNN4vgzS_ZjnKDSGKRKp3lfLWfHb=w123-h200\" alt=\"APPLICATION OF ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY- Diffusion of hydrogen\" width=\"123\" height=\"200\" data-original-height=\"319\" data-original-width=\"195\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Diffusion of hydrogen<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Observation: <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">The bubbles of the gas start to escape through the water:<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; <\/span>The hydrogen will diffuse through the porous jar and increases the gas pressure in the jar and this will cause some of the gas to bubble out. Air molecules will diffuse out of the vessel at the same time as the hydrogen molecules diffuse in but because the air molecules are large and heavier they diffuse out at a much slower rate. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Conclusion:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\"> The rate of diffusion in gases depends on its density.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Air is a uniform <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/elements-compounds-and-mixtures\/\">mixture<\/a> of various gases because of diffusion. However, diffusion does not only take place in gases, it even occurs in liquids as well. If convection currents and stirring are avoided, it can be demonstrated that diffusion in liquid is quite slow using the following setup.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Experiment 1.2: Diffusion in liquids<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Aim: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">To show diffusion in water<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Materials: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">beaker, water, dropper, copper sulphate (<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: RW-RW;\">CuSO<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Procedure:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Fill a gas jar with water. Place a thistle funnel into it so that it extends to the bottom of the jar and carefully pour a solution of copper sulphate until the bottom of the jar is filled to a height about one centimetre. Let the jar stand undisturbed for a few days.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; <\/span>What do you observe?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjDobueyKBZgQo56x18fPhjZ3kKR_ilaPwcupba1cCZ6kjvkpZj3oHmKYapjKOnUlTfeey2drkEx1W8Quhxk14cZxgHWEBZiR1FvQMDUwa64oIiwyLJAg0YULRsCY-fD7T8zf1CVuJX_kl-TakqBnPTMjLZaGPSoGb0BC1X8OJQS5M2Q6Xo5WBvT2td\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"APPLICATION OF ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY - diffusion in a liquid\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjDobueyKBZgQo56x18fPhjZ3kKR_ilaPwcupba1cCZ6kjvkpZj3oHmKYapjKOnUlTfeey2drkEx1W8Quhxk14cZxgHWEBZiR1FvQMDUwa64oIiwyLJAg0YULRsCY-fD7T8zf1CVuJX_kl-TakqBnPTMjLZaGPSoGb0BC1X8OJQS5M2Q6Xo5WBvT2td=w640-h294\" alt=\"APPLICATION OF ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY - diffusion in a liquid\" width=\"640\" height=\"294\" data-original-height=\"415\" data-original-width=\"906\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Diffusion in a liquid<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Observation:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\"> You will observe an upward diffusion of the blue copper sulphate against gravity.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">Conclusion:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\"> The rate of diffusion in liquid depends on the temperature.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">The diffusion in fluids can be explained using the kinetic theory model. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"border: 1.5pt double #1f3864; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;\">\n<p style=\"border: none; margin-left: 18pt; mso-border-alt: double #1F3864 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">When diffusion takes place, molecules move from one substance to another to fill up the empty spaces.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; margin-left: 18pt; mso-border-alt: double #1F3864 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">The spaces between the molecules are such that molecules are able to pass through them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; margin-left: 18pt; mso-border-alt: double #1F3864 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">The continuous movement of the molecules ensures a thorough mixing of the substances as they collide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; margin-left: 18pt; mso-border-alt: double #1F3864 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">When temperature is increased, the kinetic energy increases through the increased speeds of molecules and consequently, the rate of diffusion increases.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"BROWNIAN_MOTION\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc7684232;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">BROWNIAN MOTION<\/span><\/b><\/span><a name=\"_Toc7684232\"><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"BROWNIAN MOTION   Kinetic Theory\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5NjzcIp9w1s?start=22&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Application of Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory: Brownian Motion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">In 1827 Robert Brown was studying pollen grain suspended in water using a microscope, he was very surprised to observe that they were in a state of continuous random motion. He could not account for this movement, but later scientists discovered that the movement of the pollen grain was due to the collision of the water molecules against the pollen grains. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">If you observe smoke particles in air, you will notice that they experience similar movement. As a result of such observations, scientists concluded that the molecules of liquids and gases are in a state of constant, random motion, an idea known as the <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.educom360.com\/courses\/kinetic-theory-of-matter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kinetic theory of matter<\/a>\u201d<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Experiment 1.3: Brownian motion <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Aim: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">To demonstrate Brownian motion in air\/ a smoke cell<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Materials: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">glass (smoke) cell, optical microscope, converging lens, a lamp\/ torch lamp<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Procedure:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Set up apparatus as shown in the figure below; a small glass cell in which smoke has been trapped is view through a microscope. A converging lens or glass rod is used to focus the light from a lamp into the glass cell.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEglVToYjeT38NC14pRC9qX-I1KKbXqaQOtllFzP_9oxu-g2CIRwEdRy1mA-PMRFlJdhEeBwEVctaQmpzmUr7qHlBNY0VWxpgxuwvgRXsDKmE4OZ9DJoAirkydMQI_QM5FULmdnvHtGTQsKjogKyzHt3NhTSVoxXn2lfos5ZKLNsfRChZbYM-h7LA21N\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Application of Assumptions of he Kinetic Theory\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEglVToYjeT38NC14pRC9qX-I1KKbXqaQOtllFzP_9oxu-g2CIRwEdRy1mA-PMRFlJdhEeBwEVctaQmpzmUr7qHlBNY0VWxpgxuwvgRXsDKmE4OZ9DJoAirkydMQI_QM5FULmdnvHtGTQsKjogKyzHt3NhTSVoxXn2lfos5ZKLNsfRChZbYM-h7LA21N=w400-h360\" alt=\"Application of Assumptions of he Kinetic Theory - Observation of Brownian motion\" width=\"400\" height=\"360\" data-original-height=\"506\" data-original-width=\"563\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b><i><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Observation of Brownian motion<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\"><br><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Observation:<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">When the light strikes the smoke particles it is scattered and the smoke particles are observed as bright specs of light. They are also seen to be moving about in a zig-zag manner. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Conclusion:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">This zigzag movement is due to the collisions of the smoke particles with invisible air molecules that are also moving about randomly in the smoke cell. The zigzag pattern of movement is illustrated in figure below.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEiqU4IdjM2KptUvj_PNE4fwR4X26IwXCmYUTl1usSau9PXP6xUZ5inhka3-zCZtATxkOnOKcC-YL4j1-ueg1eIIU3D0sM-QyyscV-lY8t8zdPzxusbiXXW-zV5at_SCfyV7EtvDVWg03AFKOF3CAjnmUQ94AbGVKieHBQ3GtnAG5gGUvoSJS4-5ggJ0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"The zigzag movement of the smoke particles - Kinetic Theory\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEiqU4IdjM2KptUvj_PNE4fwR4X26IwXCmYUTl1usSau9PXP6xUZ5inhka3-zCZtATxkOnOKcC-YL4j1-ueg1eIIU3D0sM-QyyscV-lY8t8zdPzxusbiXXW-zV5at_SCfyV7EtvDVWg03AFKOF3CAjnmUQ94AbGVKieHBQ3GtnAG5gGUvoSJS4-5ggJ0=w400-h178\" alt=\"The zigzag movement of the smoke particles - Kinetic Theory\" width=\"400\" height=\"178\" data-original-height=\"225\" data-original-width=\"508\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">The zigzag movement of the smoke particles<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"EVAPORATION\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc7684233;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">EVAPORATION<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Evaporation is the change of a liquid into a gas at the surface. It occurs at any temperature but occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures because heat imparts more kinetic energy to the molecules and they escape from the surface faster.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Increased gas pressure on the surface of the liquid reduces the rate of evaporation because more collisions occur between the evaporating liquid molecules and the gas molecules, resulting in some of the evaporated liquid molecules bouncing back into liquid.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Some factors increase the rate of evaporation namely:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"border: 1.5pt double #385623; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;\">\n<p style=\"border: none; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: double #385623 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Increase in temperature: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">If we observe the wet clothes, we will notice that on a warm day, they dry faster than on a cold day. This is because more particles of the water have enough energy to escape.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: double #385623 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Increase in surface area: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Water in a puddle on the road will dry more quickly than water in a cup. This is because more water molecules in the puddle are close to the surface and escape in bigger number than in the cup.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: double #385623 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Air blowing across the surface:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\"> When a day is windy, the clothes dry faster than when it is quiet or you can dry your wet hand by getting them closer to the fan. This is because the moving air carries escaping water molecules away from the liquid, preventing them from bouncing back into the liquid as result of air pressure over the liquid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: double #385623 1.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-themeshade: 128; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">&#8211;<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Reduction of humidity:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\"> when air contains more water vapour, it is said to be very humid. Wet clothes will take longer to dry in very humid air because molecules in the water vapour return to the liquid almost at the same rate as water molecules escape from it.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">During the evaporation process, the molecules that escape from the liquid are the most energetic ones. The average kinetic energy of those that remain is therefore reduced, and the temperature reduces. This is cooling by evaporation.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"COOLING_EFFECT_OF_EVAPORATION\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc7684234;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">COOLING EFFECT OF EVAPORATION<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"COOLING EFFECT OF EVAPORATION\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OKSL_ZajPAk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Application of Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory: Cooling Effect of Evaporation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a name=\"_Toc7684234\"><\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Evaporation results in a general cooling of the liquid. This cooling is brought about by the lowering of the overall kinetic energy of the liquid as the more energetic molecules escape from the surface.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">If energy is supplied to the liquid molecules (for example by heating), the rate of evaporation increases. If this energy comes from the surroundings, then the surroundings lose energy and experience a drop in temperature. The cooling effect of evaporation can be demonstrated by the following experiment:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Experiment 1.4: Cooling effect of evaporation.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Aim: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">To demonstrate the cooling effect of evaporation.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Requirements: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">a small beaker, ether, wooden block, water, glass tube<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Procedure:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Place a small beaker, about one third full of ether, on a flat piece of wood which has a layer of water on it. Place a glass tube obliquely into the beaker to allow air in the beaker.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgCGB_BKQ_zKYmxyyHbeydRzroCiwPbIC8LmCmfuPFGsFEFiSK0mdr1ghSwyuSFBoxDLGy5PXHON70gnZS4ue_PktNqvwE5rKuEnEzx6n5edxoEHGGrgaozC41oM6o8wFHtweydtY4a2doeyS07HiyS7YIIZeQ0p25MEugIyn1R5PvLzgkKTwFTTSPS\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"cooling by evaporation - Kinetic Theory\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgCGB_BKQ_zKYmxyyHbeydRzroCiwPbIC8LmCmfuPFGsFEFiSK0mdr1ghSwyuSFBoxDLGy5PXHON70gnZS4ue_PktNqvwE5rKuEnEzx6n5edxoEHGGrgaozC41oM6o8wFHtweydtY4a2doeyS07HiyS7YIIZeQ0p25MEugIyn1R5PvLzgkKTwFTTSPS=w400-h251\" alt=\"cooling by evaporation - Kinetic Theory\" width=\"400\" height=\"251\" data-original-height=\"367\" data-original-width=\"584\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cooling by evaporation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Observation:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Air is bubbled through the ether and effectively increases the surface area of the liquid and allows a lot more evaporation to take place. As the evaporation continues, the water between the beaker and wooden block will gradually start to freeze and the beaker will stick to the wooden block. Water droplets will also form on the outside of the beaker.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Explanation:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">The energy required for this increased rate of evaporation is drawn from the beaker, the water and the wooden block<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Water droplets form on the outside of the beaker due to condensation of water vapour from the surrounding air coming into contact with the beaker.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">The cooling effect of evaporation is utilised in refrigerators. A refrigerator basically transfers heat from the inside cabinet to the outside environment. The principle involves a liquid that is constantly evaporating and thereby drawing energy (or heat) from the inside of the cabinet. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.educom360.com\/courses\/transfer-of-thermal-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transfer of the heat<\/a> from the inside to the outside is quite rapid and the inside becomes very cool. Once outside the cabinet the heat is transferred to the surrounding environment through the thin tube containing the vapour and the vapour is condensed back into liquid. A pumping mechanism ensures the movement of the liquid vapour round a closed system of conducting pipes thereby keeping the same liquid flowing continually.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgW6_zHf4KkQ5jbSJMTBoGhE2AiUJLfAUXPIC3zmq9fS9xwF2u2-ZtU1QoD1rrDJbp74eGK84vD4Uy9SDtHERVwzZN53DK6meovPUUS5nu2c5cVMPuqmyefcBh9djXDN_RSMIliQ5IEullznK2Z6-UziNTIPCfkVsN55-vTNxQ6Tu7pT5ugSfasItT4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Illustration of cooling process in domestic refrigerator\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgW6_zHf4KkQ5jbSJMTBoGhE2AiUJLfAUXPIC3zmq9fS9xwF2u2-ZtU1QoD1rrDJbp74eGK84vD4Uy9SDtHERVwzZN53DK6meovPUUS5nu2c5cVMPuqmyefcBh9djXDN_RSMIliQ5IEullznK2Z6-UziNTIPCfkVsN55-vTNxQ6Tu7pT5ugSfasItT4=w640-h510\" alt=\"Illustration of cooling process in domestic refrigerator\" width=\"640\" height=\"510\" data-original-height=\"703\" data-original-width=\"883\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Illustration of cooling process in domestic refrigerator<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">The figure above represents a typical refrigerator system. The electric compressor motor forces a gas at high pressure through a heat exchanger (condenser) on the rear outside wall of the refrigerator, where Q<sub>H<\/sub> is given off, and the gas cools to become liquid. The liquid passes from a high-pressure region, via a valve, to low-pressure tubes on the inside walls of the refrigerator; the liquid evaporates at this lower pressure and thus absorbs heat (Q<sub>L<\/sub>) from the inside of the refrigerator. The fluid returns to the compressor, where the cycle begins again<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_Cooling_effects_of_Evaporation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Other Cooling effects of Evaporation<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';\">Another every day application of cooling by evaporation is well observed in <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\">sweating<\/b>: When animals sweat, fine drops of moisture are released either through the skin or through pores on the tongue. The passage of air over these drops results in evaporation which causes a cooling of the animal\u2019s body in a similar way as described in the experiment above. Dogs, for example, remove excess heat from their bodies by panting.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Please visit and subscribe to our <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/from-passion-to-presence-a-step-by-step-guide-to-youtube-channel-creation\/\">YouTube Channel<\/a>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DecrolyEducationCentre?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decroly Education Centre (youtube.com)<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/Centre4Elites?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Centre for Elites \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;Kinetic theory has got more applications in daily life, in most of the tools and apparatus we use in our [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":58,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,143],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-integrated-science","category-physical-sciences"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1214,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/types-and-properties-of-matter\/","url_meta":{"origin":1215,"position":0},"title":"Types and Properties of Matter","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=u1HhTxNrlMA This post explore the various properties of matter as well as the states of matter in terms kinetic theory. The matter is made up of very small particles called molecules. Molecules are made up of a number of atoms of either the same or different elements which are bonded\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Integrated Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Integrated Science","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/integrated-science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"State of matter - Crystalline solid","src":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEgEdo-BjMowO7sy5xGmV6Q85O-ETms7am1MXYDu79qMbMeAyQIZsqYemcTdHuwBhMb_gIUuleeyzQ3TYq4OyAKyfYV2zrP24xvSogEBeDiQQOF8nOuVyj0Z8mG5HGouaJeF_kEjjXh8aVgDFysMsaAUV1oxJT8WMKGpPXsQdbQRcYzEq5aITEKJxVOs=w320-h219","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1191,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/adhesive-forces\/","url_meta":{"origin":1215,"position":1},"title":"Adhesive forces","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 12, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Adhesion: Forces of attraction between molecules of different substances","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Words meaning&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Words meaning","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/words-meaning\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1192,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/absolute-zero\/","url_meta":{"origin":1215,"position":2},"title":"Absolute zero","author":"centreforelites","date":"March 12, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0The lowest temperature theoretically attainable (at which the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is minimal); 0 Kelvin or -273.15 centigrade or -459.67 Fahrenheit","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Words meaning&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Words meaning","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/words-meaning\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":314,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/patterns-of-development-and-obstacles-to-growth\/","url_meta":{"origin":1215,"position":3},"title":"Patterns of Development and Obstacles to Growth","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 13, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Among the economists who further developed the theoretical inheritance from Lewis, Rostov, and others, but in the context of more structuralist approaches, Hollis Chenery and Moshe Syrquin require special attention. In addition, two Danish economists may be mentioned: Karsten Laursen and Martin Paldam. We shall look a little close at\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Patterns of Development and Obstacles to Growth","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Patterns-of-Development-and-Obstacles-to-Growth.png?fit=640%2C301&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Patterns-of-Development-and-Obstacles-to-Growth.png?fit=640%2C301&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Patterns-of-Development-and-Obstacles-to-Growth.png?fit=640%2C301&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":516,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/5-common-facts-in-science-education\/","url_meta":{"origin":1215,"position":4},"title":"5 Common Facts in Science Education","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 15, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Science education\u00a0is a way of leading out (from educere, meaning,\u00a0to lead out) the learner into inquiry (quaere, which means\u00a0\u2018to seek\u2019) of knowledge that is constantly changing. It is in the way of teaching and learning science where the teacher and the pupils interact, dialogue, and in the process unfold the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"5 Common Facts in Science Education","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Science-Education-Tools.jpg?fit=612%2C408&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Science-Education-Tools.jpg?fit=612%2C408&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Science-Education-Tools.jpg?fit=612%2C408&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1051,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/theories-of-business-ethics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1215,"position":5},"title":"3 Theories of Business Ethics","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 21, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"This article examines three theories of business ethics. There are a good number of theories in Business ethics, but here we shall focus our attention on the major three of them. Theories of Business Ethics Stakeholder Theory The stakeholder theory of the firm is used as a basis to analyze\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Fundamentals of Marketing&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Fundamentals of Marketing","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/fundamentals-of-marketing\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Theories of Business Ethics","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theories-of-Business-Ethics.png?fit=720%2C563&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theories-of-Business-Ethics.png?fit=720%2C563&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theories-of-Business-Ethics.png?fit=720%2C563&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theories-of-Business-Ethics.png?fit=720%2C563&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1215","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1215"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2810,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1215\/revisions\/2810"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1215"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}