{"id":626,"date":"2022-04-15T23:02:49","date_gmt":"2022-04-15T21:02:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/?p=626"},"modified":"2022-04-15T23:02:58","modified_gmt":"2022-04-15T21:02:58","slug":"organisational-development-od-and-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Organisational development (OD) and Change"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8eca6a5a07\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8eca6a5a07\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#INTRODUCTION\" >INTRODUCTION<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#MEANING_OF_ORGANISATIONAL_CHANGE_AND_DEVELOPMENT\" >MEANING OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_ORGANISATIONAL_CHANGE_AND_DEVELOPMENT\" >RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#TYPES_OF_CHANGE\" >TYPES OF CHANGE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#34_THEORIES_OF_ORGANISATIONAL_CHANGE\" >3.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0THEORIES OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#Ronald_Lippit_Jeanne_Watson_and_Bruce_Wesleys_Change_Model\" >Ronald Lippit, Jeanne Watson and Bruce Wesley\u2019s Change Model<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#Burk-Litwins_Model_of_Organisational_Change\" >Burk-Litwin\u2019s Model of Organisational Change<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#Fagens_Systems_Theory\" >Fagen\u2019s Systems Theory<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#SOURCES_OF_CHANGE\" >SOURCES OF CHANGE<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#External_Sources\" >External Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#Internal_Sources\" >Internal Sources:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#_RESISTANCE_TO_CHANGE\" >\u00a0RESISTANCE TO CHANGE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-development-od-and-change\/#CONCLUSION\" >CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"INTRODUCTION\"><\/span>INTRODUCTION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:post-content --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nChange is inevitable for every organisation to be healthy and productive while organisational <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> as a generic term embraces a wide range of intervention\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/3718099119877372482\/3069443859678469777#\">strategies<\/a>\u00a0in both structural and social processes of an organisation. Organisational <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> programmes are packaged to drive organisational change agenda.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nThe changes, however, are aimed at the individual, group and total organisational <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a>, driven at improving overall performance and effectiveness. Organisational <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> (OD) is a strategic long-term effort, led and supported by top management to specifically improve the organisation\u2019s visioning, empowerment, learning and problem-solving processes through ongoing collaborative management or organisational culture.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"linkDestination\":\"custom\",\"className\":\"is-style-default\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/3718099119877372482\/3069443859678469777#\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT\" src=\"http:\/\/online.hbs.edu\/Style%20Library\/api\/resize.aspx?imgpath=\/PublishingImages\/Business-team-discussing-change-management-process.jpg&amp;w=1200&amp;h=630\" alt=\"Organisational development (OD) and Change\" \/><\/a>\n<figcaption>Organisational <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> (OD) and Change<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MEANING_OF_ORGANISATIONAL_CHANGE_AND_DEVELOPMENT\"><\/span>MEANING OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nOrganisational change is a radical transformation in the functioning of organisational processes. It involves reshaping the organisation\u2019s structure, culture, processes and other design <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/elements-compounds-and-mixtures\/\">elements<\/a>, and can be characterized as both systemic and sometimes revolutionary because the entire nature of the organisation is altered significantly and fundamentally.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nCountries like Nigeria have witnessed such radical transformations first in the 1970s when the indigenization decree of 1976 was being implemented by the administration of Murtala Mohammed-Olusegun Obasanjo, by which time erstwhile foreign companies are being transformed into indigenous organisations and in later years when processes of privatization and commercialization of governmental organisations were taking place. Such semantics as reorganisation, restructuring, reengineering, downsizing, rationalization, rightsizing, outsources are associated with organisational change in one way or the other.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_ORGANISATIONAL_CHANGE_AND_DEVELOPMENT\"><\/span>RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nThe relationship between OC and OD is to the extent that in organisations that will manage change effectively, change becomes the driving force that perpetuates future success and <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a>. This is because change becomes an opportunity for increasing efficiency. OD is systematic OC.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TYPES_OF_CHANGE\"><\/span>TYPES OF CHANGE<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nWhat can a manager change, aside from him\/herself? He\/she can change three things; the structure, the technology and the people.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\ni.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Changing the Structure.<\/em>\u00a0This means reworking or redesigning the work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, the span of control, centralization, formalization, job redesign or actual structural design.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Changing Technology<\/em>. The work processes, methods and equipment are\u00a0the\u00a0focus of change.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Changing People.<\/em>\u00a0The culture, attitudes, expectations, perceptions and behaviour of individuals and groups are the focus of change.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"34_THEORIES_OF_ORGANISATIONAL_CHANGE\"><\/span>3.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0THEORIES OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nTheories or models provide an explanatory framework for the relationship between variables. The theories discussed below give direction for the implementation of change programmes by organisations. The change theories are those of Kurt Lewin, Ronald Lippit, Jeanne Watson and Bruce Wesley, Burk-Litwin and Fagen and the Systems Theory.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\n<strong>Kurt Lewin\u2019s Model<\/strong>. He, in the 1940s, introduced a model for the proper management of an effective change process. Successful change can be planned and the change process was viewed as composing three steps;\u00a0<em>unfreezing old behaviour;<\/em>\u00a0that is, the status quo<em>, change to a new state;<\/em>\u00a0that is, the new behaviour and\u00a0<em>refreezing<\/em>\u00a0to make the new behaviour permanent.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\ni.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Unfreezing stage<\/em>. During this stage preparation, motivation and readiness are created among people to change old behaviour through the creation of discomfort or lack of confirmation which may cause guilt or anxiety. The change agent has to make provision for a psychological safety net while adjusting to the new behaviour. On the whole unfreezing is to move out of the equilibrium state by increasing the driving forces and decreasing the restraining forces.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Moving stage<\/em>. The client is assisted to see things, judge them, feel them, and react to them differently based on a new point of view using new role models, mentors and by creating environmental scanning or new and relevant information.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Refreezing stage.<\/em>\u00a0The new behaviour is institutionalized in the people\u2019s personality, attitudes by use of a reward system that is focused on the new behaviour.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ronald_Lippit_Jeanne_Watson_and_Bruce_Wesleys_Change_Model\"><\/span>Ronald Lippit, Jeanne Watson and Bruce Wesley\u2019s Change Model<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nExpanding Lewin\u2019s model, they expanded the three stages into a seven-stage model representing the consulting process as follows:\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\ni.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phase 1: Developing a need for change\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phase 2: Developing a changing relationship\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phase 3: Clarifying the client\u2019s systems problem\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phase 4: Examining alternative routes and goals\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phase 5: Transforming intentions into actual change efforts\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nvi.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phase 6: Generalizing and stabilizing change\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nvii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Phase 7: Achieving a terminal relationship with clients.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nThese steps are logically laid out in achieving OD in organisations by consultants.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Burk-Litwins_Model_of_Organisational_Change\"><\/span>Burk-Litwin\u2019s Model of Organisational Change<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nThe model is about how to create first and second-order change. The first order change occurs with some fundamental characters remaining the same, whereas in the second-order change the nature of the organisation is fundamentally and substantially altered leading to crucial organisational transformation. This model identifies two key aspects of the organisation the culture and the climate.\u00a0<em>Organisational climate<\/em>\u00a0is viewed as people\u2019s perceptions and attitudes about the organisation that is easy to change, while\u00a0<em>organisational culture<\/em>\u00a0is deep-seated assumptions, values and beliefs that are enduring, unconscious and difficult to change.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nUsing this model OD interventions are directed towards structure, management practices and systems in the first-order change and in the second-order change interventions are targeted at the organisation&#8217;s vision, mission, strategy, leadership and culture leading to enduring and fundamental change. Another aspect of this model is the distinction it makes between transactional and transformational leadership styles. Whereas transformational leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interest for the good of the organisation, transactional leaders guide and motivate followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying their roles and task requirements.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fagens_Systems_Theory\"><\/span>Fagen\u2019s Systems Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nAccording to Fagen, a system is a set of objects, together with the relationships between the objects and between their attributes. Systems denote interdependencies and interconnectedness and interrelatedness among <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/elements-compounds-and-mixtures\/\">elements<\/a> in the set that constitutes an identifiable whole or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/3718099119877372482\/3069443859678469777#\">gestalt<\/a>.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"linkDestination\":\"custom\",\"className\":\"is-style-default\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/3718099119877372482\/3069443859678469777#\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"A system in interaction with its environment.\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEiibs62E1rijX3I8W_hyZQwgNQ-xGnIGfnNhZuDz9IX3cOiFbNCP8sRjU8l-TFJrC7xOTzXtQYU_FOfOBNT_Es30zagAfDnby59hJ-IrtduP5HlD--9isqD41ekamZIrblOLggoEjORPKdyRRonTOHBtQvflbq1mi0fLKFbwjzhMhn5YtqmzFiVDDLD=w640-h170\" alt=\"Organisational Development - A system in interaction with its environment.\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nSource: French &amp; Bell (1999), adapted\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nA system operates within the context of an environment. Every system has a distinct boundary. An open system interacts, has goals and purpose and interacts with (influence and is influenced) by the enveloping environment. The need for change can therefore be driven by internal or external processes; that is when there is a need to realign the input, transformational and output processes. Since outputs are often in terms of goods and services, the customers provide useful feedback that can recommend changes in internal processes. Equally, <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/master-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-5-minutes\/\">evaluation<\/a> of the connectivity among inputs, transformation and outputs can lead to the initiation of change.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SOURCES_OF_CHANGE\"><\/span>SOURCES OF CHANGE<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nOrganisational change is triggered by the need to respond to new challenges or opportunities presented by the external and internal environment, or in anticipation of the need to cope with potential future problems. The need for reorganisation arising as a result of\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">growth<\/a><\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>decline<\/em>\u00a0may be a major impetus for change. The basic underlining objectives in general terms are:\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list -->\n<ul>\n \t<li>Modifying the behavioural patterns of members of the organisation<\/li>\n \t<li>Improving the ability of the organisation to cope with changes in its environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nOrganisational Change can be traced to factors external or internal to the organisation.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"External_Sources\"><\/span>External Sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\n<strong>Market forces<\/strong>: Financial pressure, Competition\n<strong>Legislation<\/strong>: Quota control, local content, workers charter, discrimination, etc\nTax Structures: Value-added, National Insurance, etc\n<strong>New Technology<\/strong>: New process equipment, new computer technology, new information\/ data Management Process, etc\n<strong>Political:\u00a0<\/strong>World politics, national politics, organisational politics\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Internal_Sources\"><\/span>Internal Sources:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\n<strong>Profitability<\/strong>: Product research, Knowledge, skills and aptitudes of senior managers, reduction of staff, takeovers\/mergers, improved production facilities, etc\n<strong>Reorganisation<\/strong>: restructuring, re-engineering, Downsizing, outsourcing, etc\n<strong>Conflict<\/strong>: interdepartmental, people, union and management, etc\nChanges in culture\/social environment: Change in job roles, conditions of employment, culture and attitudes, etc\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nOrganisational change can stem according to Mullins (2007) from \u201ea window for change\u201f and issues such as:\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol>\n \t<li>A general sense that the organisation could perform better,<\/li>\n \t<li>The need to improve organisation flexibility, quality or to develop a new customer base,<\/li>\n \t<li>A sense that skill and abilities of people are under-utilized,<\/li>\n \t<li>The need to introduce new technology or working practices,<\/li>\n \t<li>Workers feeling over-controlled by supervision or by the process or jobs seen as boring and routine,<\/li>\n \t<li>Concerns about ineffective communications or poor performance indicators<\/li>\n \t<li>Fractious relationships between managers and the managed<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":1012,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"className\":\"is-style-default\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1012\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/knowledgebase.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Organisational-Development-Techniques.png?ssl=1\" alt=\"Organisational Development Techniques\" \/>\n\n<figcaption>Organisational <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">Development<\/a> Techniques<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nThe goal of OD is to stabilise the new system to achieve more effective interpersonal work relationships and the techniques used are important to achieving this goal (Robbins &amp; coulter, 2007). The techniques are:\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\ni.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Team Building. Create the type of activities that help team members learn how each member thinks and works.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nii.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Inter-group\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">Development<\/a>. Intergroup <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> involves changing the attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that workgroups have about each other.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Process Consultation. The outside consultant helps managers to understand how interpersonal processes are affecting the way work is being done.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Survey Feedback. This means putting in place a technique for assessing attitudes and perceptions, identifying discrepancies in these, and resolving the differences by using survey information in feedback groups.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sensitivity Training. Have in place a method of changing behaviour through unstructured group interaction.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_RESISTANCE_TO_CHANGE\"><\/span>\u00a0RESISTANCE TO CHANGE<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nResistance to change &#8211; or the thought of the implication of the change &#8211; appears common because it brings with it what may be described as \u2018psychological shock\u2019, which makes people to be naturally wary of change. It may also be said that a grossly inadequate and despondent situation, such as the threat to the very survival of the organisation, the inability of organisation to meet contractual obligations like payment of wages, overhead and customers and threats to jobs can bring about a clamour for change.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nIn 2014, the recurrent terrorist attacks by Boko Haram in North-Eastern Nigeria, kidnapping and general state of insecurity and perceived helplessness of the government to live up to its responsibilities of protection of lives and properties brought at the political level a rousing clamour for change. Change can bring about positive or negative outcomes. Despite potential positive outcomes, change is often resisted for a number of individual and organisational related reasons:\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\n1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong><em>Individual resistance<\/em><\/strong><em>.<\/em>\u00a0Individual resistance to change may be a result of the following:\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\ni.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Selective perception. Peoples\u2019 interpretation of stimuli presents a unique picture and image of their real world. But perception is selective and can lead to a biased view of the change being introduced; especially the intention and purpose of the proposed change. Trade unions are often sceptical of changes originating from management, especially where the view exists that managers cannot be trusted.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Habit. People tend to respond to novel albeit innovative situations in an established or accustomed manner. Habits serve as a sort of comfort and security, rendering decision making easy. Flexible or reduction in work hours may be resisted except there is a guarantee that there will be no loss of pay.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Inconvenience or loss of freedom<\/strong>. If the proposed change is viewed as likely to prove inconvenient, make life difficult, reduce freedom of action or result in increased control, it may be resisted.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Economic implication. People are likely to resist change that will bring about, directly or otherwise, a drop in livelihood. An increase in work at the same pay level, the threat to job security and other vested interests are easily resisted.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Security in the past<\/strong>. Some find a sense of security in the carefully laid out past. They do not like the present and the future to toss them out in the cold or increase the likelihood of needing new knowledge and skills to cope with challenges posed by change.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nvi.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>The need to cover up<\/strong>. People who had a history of clandestine activities, who may be displaced by the new epoch brought by the change being introduced will work against the current of change for purpose of self\u00adpreservation. This has been the commonest obstacle to the change agenda of Buhari\u2019s fight against corruption and has been described in the expression if you fight corruption, corruption will fight back.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nvii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Fear of the unknown<\/strong>. Changes that confront people with <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/elements-compounds-and-mixtures\/\">elements<\/a> of the unknown, in which the future is not clearly demarcated, can generate anxiety or fear. Since OC always come with some degree of uncertainty, there is bound to be resistance.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\n2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong><em>Organisational resistance.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Although an organisation has to adapt to changing internal and external conditions, there goes with the changes certain measures of apprehension about the operation of the new structure, processes, policies and procedures, and people\u2019s response to the changes. Some of the reasons for organisational resistance to change are:\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\ni.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Organisation culture. Culture develops over time, and once settled and done, it is difficult to dislodge existing and pervasive ways of life. \u2018This is how things are done around here is not easily dispensed with. Also when the new culture being engendered is perceived as inflexible, ineffective and \u2018inferior\u2019 to the old practice, it will breed the seeds of resistance.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Maintaining stability. Large scale organisations pay attention to maintaining stability and predictability. This is actually the need for formal structure, division of labour, established rules, methods of work and all other regimented and sedimented aspects of work. The more bureaucratic\/mechanistic an organisation is, the greater the resistance to change; in other words, organic structures are easily adaptable to changes.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niii.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Investment in resources. Change comes with costs; often time large amount of resources need to be committed. Assets such as buildings, machines and equipment and people cannot be easily altered.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\niv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Past contracts or agreements. Organisations enter into contracts and agreements which cannot be dispensed with without consequent legal challenges, until their tenure expires. Contracts and agreements can limit the extent of changes that can be embarked upon by an organisation.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Threats to power and influence. Fear of loss of influence or erosion of authority arises if proposed change meant that hierarchies may be delayered leading to loss of position and authority or span of control, managers who will be affected will work to resist such changes. The fear of losing both political and expert power is real among managers.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span>CONCLUSION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\nOrganisational <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> is given birth in the course of organisational change. Change is a constant dimension of organisational life and can be disruptive to the normal ways of doing things. For many reasons, change is resisted chiefly because of the inability to effectively communicate to allay the fears, deal with misconceptions and overcome resistance using appropriate developmental strategies. This is the main challenge of modern managers; how to implement OC and OD processes at minimum costs, resistance to greater organisational outcomes.","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>INTRODUCTION Change is inevitable for every organisation to be healthy and productive while organisational development as a generic term embraces [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,49,68,64],"tags":[47],"class_list":["post-626","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-business","category-education","category-psychology","tag-industrial-relations"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Organisational-development-OD-and-Change.jpg?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":789,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/organisational-change-and-development\/","url_meta":{"origin":626,"position":0},"title":"ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"INTRODUCTION According to Pattanayak (2012), change is inevitable for every organisation to be healthy and productive while organisational development as a generic term embraces a wide range of intervention\u00a0strategies\u00a0in both structural and social processes of an organisation. Organisational development programmes are packaged to drive organisational change agenda. 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Organisational development programmes are packaged to drive organisational change agenda.\u00a0 The\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Industrial Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Industrial Psychology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/industrial-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT","src":"http:\/\/online.hbs.edu\/Style%20Library\/api\/resize.aspx?imgpath=\/PublishingImages\/Business-team-discussing-change-management-process.jpg&w=1200&h=630","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"http:\/\/online.hbs.edu\/Style%20Library\/api\/resize.aspx?imgpath=\/PublishingImages\/Business-team-discussing-change-management-process.jpg&w=1200&h=630 1x, http:\/\/online.hbs.edu\/Style%20Library\/api\/resize.aspx?imgpath=\/PublishingImages\/Business-team-discussing-change-management-process.jpg&w=1200&h=630 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1059,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/strategy-implementation-and-execution\/","url_meta":{"origin":626,"position":2},"title":"STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND EXECUTION","author":"centreforelites","date":"April 20, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0This article\u00a0deals with strategy implementation and execution which means that translating a decision into action is essentially an administrative task.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Strategic Management&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Strategic Management","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/strategic-management\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND EXECUTION","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pexels-photo-4491451.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pexels-photo-4491451.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pexels-photo-4491451.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pexels-photo-4491451.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pexels-photo-4491451.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1061,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/strategy-formulation\/","url_meta":{"origin":626,"position":3},"title":"Business Strategy Formulation. 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