{"id":935,"date":"2022-11-03T22:11:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-03T20:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/"},"modified":"2024-03-15T21:57:30","modified_gmt":"2024-03-15T19:57:30","slug":"tests-and-testing-in-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/","title":{"rendered":"Tests and Testing in Education"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"\">Tests and testing are key to success in education for both teacher and learner. But what do they mean? <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;\">A test is an instrument or tool that is used to assess or measure the learners&#8217; progress and achievement in terms of knowledge, skills, values and attitudes.<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Testing refers to a systematic procedure of measuring or assessing the learners&#8217; progress and <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/achievement-motivation-theory-need-for-achievement\/\">achievement<\/a>. In other words, testing refers to the administration of a test.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.freepik.com\/free-photo\/group-high-school-students-taking-test-classroom_662251-1868.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.freepik.com\/free-photo\/group-high-school-students-taking-test-classroom_662251-1868.jpg?ssl=1\" alt=\"Tests and Testing in Education\" title=\"Tests and Testing in Education\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d66ae6798ed\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d66ae6798ed\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#TYPES_OF_TESTS\" >TYPES OF TESTS<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#Objective_tests\" >Objective tests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#2_SUBJECTIVE_TESTS_ESSAY_TEST_QUESTIONS\" >2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SUBJECTIVE TESTS (ESSAY TEST QUESTIONS)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#Achievement_tests\" >Achievement tests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#_DIAGNOSTIC_TEST\" >&nbsp;DIAGNOSTIC TEST<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#ASSESSMENT_AND_EVALUATION_TYPES_OF_TESTS\" >ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION TYPES OF TESTS<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#1_APTITUDE_TESTS\" >1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; APTITUDE TESTS<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#PLANNING_A_TEST\" >PLANNING A TEST<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#_i_Factors_considered_when_designing_test\" >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Factors considered when designing test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#1_Table_of_test_specifications\" >1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Table of test specifications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#Importance_of_specification_table\" >Importance of specification table<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#TABLE_OF_SPECIFICATIONS\" >TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#_PURPOSE_OF_TESTS\" >&nbsp;PURPOSE OF TESTS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#1015_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_A_GOOD_TEST\" >10.1.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TEST<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#a_Reliability\" >(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reliability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#b_Validity\" >(b)&nbsp;&nbsp; Validity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#Comparability\" >Comparability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#STANDARDIZATIONNORMS\" >STANDARDIZATION\/NORMS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/tests-and-testing-in-education\/#e_Discrimination\" >(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Discrimination<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TYPES_OF_TESTS\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">TYPES OF TESTS<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The tests are in various types. Some of the types include objectives tests, subjective tests, aptitude tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Objective_tests\"><\/span><b style=\"text-indent: -52px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px;\">Objective tests<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Objective tests: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">These are tests whose answers can be scored more objectively. Objective tests can be divided into three main groups as Supply item tests, Selection-item tests and Rank-order item tests<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(a)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Supply item tests<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The aim of this form of test is to determine the learners&#8217; ability to recall or recognize the appropriate term, concept or phrase to complete a given statement. The learner is presented with incomplete statements and has to supply a term, word, name, date or phrase which either completes the statement or answers the question. Such test items are also call fill in items. Example: The \u2026.. of Zambia is over 10 million people. In this example, the correct term would be population.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(b)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Selection-item tests<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The learner is required to select the most suitable response from several alternatives provided. The selection-item tests can be divided into the following sub-groups:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">True\/False item test: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Example: Zambia has a sea-coast: True or False.<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Matching item test: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This required the learner to match the corresponding options or make a choice from corresponding options. Usually, this test has two columns of items which are to be associated directly. Consider the following example:<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Question <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Answer <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(A)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>The Founding father of Psychology<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(B)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Levy_Mwanawasa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Levy Mwanawasa<\/a> was President of that country<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(C)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>One of Freud\u2019s Psychoanalytical Techniques<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1.Zambia<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2. Free association<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3. Wilhelm Wundt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In the example above, the correct answer would be to match (a) with 3, (b) with 1 and (c) with 2 so that in the blank spaces there is B, C, A.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Multiple choice items test: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The learner chooses the best answer out of several alternatives. A multiple choice item may be in the form of a question or an incomplete statement (known as a stem). Examples:<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">a.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Which of the following cities is the capital city of Zambia?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(A)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Lilongwe <span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(B)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Mbabane <span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(C)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Harare <span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(D)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Lusaka<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">b.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The first president of Zambia was<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;\">&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(E)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Kenneth Kaunda<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(F)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Harry Nkumbula<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(G)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Simon Kapwepwe<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(H)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Levy Mwanawasa<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Pictorial-test items:<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">These are pictures or drawings. They are very suitable for learners with difficulties in reading ability. They test such abilities as to <a href=\"https:\/\/kanyarwandamugisha.blogspot.com\/2022\/11\/the-concept-of-memory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recall<\/a>information, to complete parts missing in a picture or drawing or to interpret the picture or drawing.<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(c)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Rank-order item tests: <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The learner is required to indicate the appropriate order of items presented, e.g., in chronological order, alphabetical order, ascending order or descending order. A learner may be asked to arrange the following dates in a chronological order or happening:<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2007<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1964<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1800<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1902<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In the task above, the correct way to arrange these dates in chronological order (from the earliest to the latest) would be like this:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(C)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>1800<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>(D)<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>1902 <span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>(B) 1964 <span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>(A) 2007<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A learner may also be asked to arrange the names of countries in alphabetical order: Angola, Mozambique, Uganda, Somalia, Botswana. The answer will be:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Advantages of Objective tests<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">c.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They allow for the coverage of many topics<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">d.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Answers can be scored quickly and more objectively since there is only one correct answer and the answer is not open to interpretation. This enables learners to respond quickly to questions.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">e.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They are easy to mark<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">f.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Less able pupils have chance to pass<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Disadvantages of Objective tests<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">g.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Time consuming in setting<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">h.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Costly in terms of paper and effort<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">i.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They may lead to guessing (e.g. multiple choice questions and true\/false items)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">j.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Not effective in testing the learners ability to organize their thoughts or to write coherently<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">k.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They sometimes tend to test recall of specific facts rather than creativity<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">l.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A lot of skill may be required when setting.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_SUBJECTIVE_TESTS_ESSAY_TEST_QUESTIONS\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2.<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>SUBJECTIVE TESTS (ESSAY TEST QUESTIONS)<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">These are also known as essay tests. Essay test questions are recommended when assessing higher-order mental processes such as application, analysis, synthesis and <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/master-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-5-minutes\/\">evaluation<\/a>. They should not be used to measure knowledge of facts or principles. There are two types of essays, long essays and short essays. Long essay tests involve long descriptive writing. They use terms like discuss, explain, comment, describe. Short essay tests require the learner to write as briefly as possible.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Merits of essay tests<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Essay tests have some advantages over objective tests because they enable learners to:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">m.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Use their own words, style and organization in answering<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">n.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Demonstrate the degree to which they can analyse a problem<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">o.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Creatively select relevant information<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">p.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Give evidence of substantial understanding of the content<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">q.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Organize answers in a logical and comprehensive manner<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">r.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Bring out a lot of information they know on the topic since there is no absolutely wrong or right answer.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">s.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Improve skills in writing and logical organization of the content<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">t.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They are easy to set and leave less room for guessing.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Demerits of essay tests<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">u.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They sometimes encourage learners to recall information rather than understand it.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">v.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They present a problem of content validity. An adequate sampling of the content and objectives of a topic by essay questions is very difficult. The essay questions take more time to answer than objective questions, thus limiting the number of questions that can be asked and also the topics that can be examined.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">w.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">There is the problem of subjective scoring. Subjectivity makes essay test results lower in reliability than objective tests. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">x.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Extraneous factors can influence a teachers scoring or making of an essay, e.g., poor handwriting, grammatical, spelling errors, teachers mood, etc. The teachers first impression of the learner (known as <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">hallo effect<\/i><\/b>) affects the marking either positively or negatively.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">y.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They require a lot of time and concentration when marking. This tends to limit essay testing to very specific objectives where a teacher is handling large classes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Achievement_tests\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Achievement tests<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Achievement tests measures a person&#8217;s current level of knowledge or competence in a particular subject ( such as mathematics or Psychology) <span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;\">Achievement tests<b> <\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: black;\">are designed to measure how much a person has already learned in a particular area in a given time. <\/span>It measures the extent to which a person has acquired certain information or mastered certain skills, usually as a result of specific instruction eg students are tested on what they have learned in a particular area such as in Psychology, Mathematics and Language.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Such tests not only enable an instructor to assess a student\u2019s knowledge, but they also help students assess their progress for themselves. They are validated in terms of their <i>content validity, <\/i>or how well they measure students\u2019 mastery of a set of knowledge.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Computers are often used to administer achievement tests. One method is called <i>adaptive<\/i> <i>testing<\/i>. In a standard test, everyone gets the same questions in the same order. With adaptive testing, however, the computer changes the question difficulty as it adapts the test to your performance. If you answer several problems correctly, the computer challenges you with harder problems.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">If you miss a question, the computer follows it with an easier problem. This process enables the computer to identify your ability by finding the difficulty level where you answer most, but not all, of the problems correctly. Adaptive testing is more accurate than standard testing, especially when test takers are either very high or very low in ability.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Computers can also adapt tests to include more problems in areas where your answers are frequently wrong. This procedure is called <i>adaptive instruction<\/i> (Kasschau, 2000). By increasing the questions posed on topics you are missing, the computer reinforces more careful studying in areas least understood.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Uses of achievement tests<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;\">For <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-concept-of-staffing\/\">placement<\/a> &#8211; to determine whether students have the right knowledge to begin instruction<\/span><br><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">To determine the underlying causes of learning problems (diagnostic <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/master-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-5-minutes\/\">evaluation<\/a>)<\/span><br><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">To determine how well students have attained the instructional objectives during the course of learning\/training (summative <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/master-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-5-minutes\/\">evaluation<\/a>) eg end of term\/year examination.<\/span><br><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">They measure the effects of learning or training<\/span><br><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -18pt;\">To gauge the effectiveness of a learning procedure or a curriculum in a school. The student&#8217;s performance is then compared with that of other students in the same class\/faculty to evaluate their educational progress<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_DIAGNOSTIC_TEST\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">DIAGNOSTIC TEST<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A test which is used to identify or detect weaknesses or strengths of the learner in specific areas of achievement in order to put corrective measures.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In order to measure the learners&#8217; skill, ability or knowledge, test questions, exercises or practical activities can be administered.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ASSESSMENT_AND_EVALUATION_TYPES_OF_TESTS\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION TYPES OF TESTS<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_APTITUDE_TESTS\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1.<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>APTITUDE TESTS<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">An aptitude is a natural propensity or ability to learn a kind of skill required in a specific situation. <b>Aptitude tests <\/b><span style=\"color: black;\">attempt to discover a person\u2019s talents and to predict how well he or she will be able to learn a new skill. <\/span>These tests are designed to measure what a person can learn to perform or whether they can perform the job after training<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They are assessed primarily in terms of their <i>predictive validity. <\/i>Two such tests are the Differential Aptitude Test (DATE) and the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB). The GATB is the most widely used of these tests<\/span><span style=\"color: #f30000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Consider the model of the aptitude test (<\/span><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">General Aptitude Test Battery) below<\/span><span style=\"color: #f30000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Actually, the GATB comprises nine different tests, ranging from vocabulary to manual dexterity. Test results are used to determine whether a person shows promise for each of a large number of occupations. In addition to the GATB, there are aptitude tests in music, language, art, mathematics, and other special fields.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The SAT and the American College Test (ACT) are general aptitude tests. These tests were designed to predict a student\u2019s success in college. The best predictor of how a student will do in college is how he or she did in high school. However, grading standards differ among high schools. So, combined with high school grades, the SAT is a fairly good predictor of student success in college.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Uses of Aptitude test<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">ee. <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Aptitude tests attempts to predict the future ability on the basis of one&#8217;s present ability.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">ff.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">They are commonly used in colleges\/ universities for admission purposes. The test results help to measure a person&#8217;s readiness to learn certain things\/skills or perform certain tasks<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">gg.<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">For employee selection and <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-concept-of-staffing\/\">placement<\/a> e.g. placing employees in various jobs that fit their abilities<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">hh.<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Test results can be used to help choose a career<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PLANNING_A_TEST\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">PLANNING A TEST<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A test is one important tool of assessment. It plays an important role in evaluating students&#8217; learning and also the teacher&#8217;s teaching. It provides relevant measures of learning outcomes and evidence concerning learners&#8217; achievement <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_i_Factors_considered_when_designing_test\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>i.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Factors considered when designing test<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Test scores are always and in some degree subject to error caused by poor measuring instruments, lack of skill in using these tools or recording the results. To minimize errors, certain factors should be considered:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Consider learners&#8217; abilities. A good number of tests are beyond learners&#8217; comprehension.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Consider the work covered in the syllabus. Do not test students\/pupils out of syllabus<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Consider the language to use. It should not be too hard or too simple<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Readability. A good test should be written clearly so as to be easily read by the test takers. Typed test is far much better than hand-written one.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Consider time limit for a test. Do not allocate more than enough or too little time for the test.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Consider appropriate sitting arrangement. There should be enough space created between candidates.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">It is important to inform the candidates in good time when the test will be given and the place where it will be written from.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Check the room whether there is enough lighting and ventilation in the room where the test will be conducted.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Table_of_test_specifications\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Table of test specifications<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A table of specifications is a two-way chart that relates desired outcomes to course content. A test specification table is a test-plan or tool for designing a well balance test\/examination. When setting test questions, you need to come up with a test plan or table of specifications. A tester should first of all identify the outcomes or skills to be measured by the test. Tester should therefore, take into account the Bloom&#8217;s Cognitive taxonomy of educational objectives when identifying these outcomes (This taxonomy is discussed in Unit 6, point 6.9.1 of this module). <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The table has mainly two parts: one part contains the learning outcomes while the other part contains the subject topics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In the boxes or cells in the table, the teacher puts the number of questions at each learning outcome per topic examined. This is obtained by making a tally in the corresponding cell or box as you write each test item or question.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The table of test specifications ensures that the teacher does not only stick to the testing of instructional outcomes based on the knowledge level but includes other outcomes as well. It also ensures that the teacher sets questions drawn from different topics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_specification_table\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Importance of specification table<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u2022<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Allows the tester to widely spread the learning outcomes or skills to the test questions so that the learners are tested on various learning outcomes<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u2022<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>It ensures that the teacher does not only test students on knowledge level or just few and limited areas of the whole course<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u2022<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Helps to ensure content validity in planning test questions is attained\/achieved.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u2022<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Helps the teacher to easily determine whether the test items adequately measures the nature of the instruction as well as the weight or emphasis given on each learning outcomes and topic.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TABLE_OF_SPECIFICATIONS\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"8\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">LEARNING OUTCOMES OR SKILLS<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Topic\/area<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Knowledge<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Comprehension<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Application<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Analysis<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Synthesis<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/master-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-5-minutes\/\">Evaluation<\/a><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">TOTAL<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Topic 1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Topic 2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Topic 3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Topic 4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Topic 5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">TOTAL<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">13<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">11<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">12<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">9<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">7<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">60<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_PURPOSE_OF_TESTS\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">PURPOSE OF TESTS<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1.<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Tests play a very important role in evaluating pupils learning and also the teachers teaching.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2.<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Tests provide relevant measures of learning outcomes and direct evidence concerning learners&#8217; achievement.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1015_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_A_GOOD_TEST\"><\/span><span style=\"mso-bookmark: _Toc487356449;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">10.1.5<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TEST<\/span><\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"_Toc487356449\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The most important step in most testing exercises is to select a test that is clearly focused on the ability to be tested. Another important step is to ensure that the test designed is a sound one that will yield information of real value. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Based on this quality, there are some characteristics that should be taken into account when setting a quality test. These characteristics or features that a test should have if it is to be real, trustworthy and informative. To ascertain that a given test is sound and has real value, the following are the features to consider:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a_Reliability\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(a)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Reliability<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">An assessment is considered reliable when the same results occur regardless of when the assessment occurs or who does the scoring. There should be compelling evidence to show that results are consistent (test results consistency)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Importance of test reliability<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">It helps Stakeholders to draw firm conclusions from the results as to which Ways of improve on test reliability<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">It helps teachers to include test items that discriminate among candidates so that no one gets all the items correct or incorrect o Tester to use objective scoring procedures<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">It helps tester to include a good number of test items (a longer test generally is better than a shorter one)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A good test should be highly reliable. This means that the test should give similar results even though different testers administer it. A reliable test should be able to give a consistent score from one occasion to another for the individual or group irrespective of the person who administers it.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b_Validity\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(b)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Validity<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A valid assessment is one which measures what it is intended to measure. The validity in other words is the quality of a test to measure what it is meant to measure<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A valid test must cover the whole syllabus. The marks or grades that are given on an examination can only have a meaning if the test\/examination is valid.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Types of validity<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">a.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">content validity<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> &#8211; measures the degree to which the content of a test samples broadly across the domain of interest<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">b.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">predictive validity<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> &#8211; measures the degree to which the test can predict some future outcome, such as job performance or school success eg high student grade can predict future good performance<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">c.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">construct validity<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> &#8211; measures how well the test applies to particular theoretical scheme or construct.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">d.<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Criterion validity<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> &#8211; measures the how well test scores correlate with an independent measure (criterion) of whatever the test is supposed to assess.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">If the test achieves what the originators intended it to achieve, it is a valid test. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">N.B<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">: There is a connection between the validity and the reliability of a test.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparability\"><\/span><b style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Comparability<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The test should be able to compare the achievement of one pupil to another.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The comparability of standards in test\/examinations is very important. This would bring consistency in examination results and hence instil public interest confidence. To insure this, the following should be observed:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Test specifications should be followed each time test items are being prepared.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Copies of current syllabi should be used when preparing test items.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Copies of past examination papers of the subject of test items being set should be used for reference.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The format of the examination should remain the same.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Moderators should be used to check the comparability of the test items to previous years.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"STANDARDIZATIONNORMS\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">STANDARDIZATION\/NORMS<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In addition to reliability and validity, good tests need norms. Norms are sets of scores obtained by representative groups of people for whom the test is intended.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This is where testing, scoring and interpretation procedures are the same across all administrations of the test. E.g. everyone who takes the test receives the same instructions, uses the same answer sheet, and has to complete the test within the same specified period of time. Norms are sets of scores or standards obtained by representative groups of people for whom the test is intended. These should be the same.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"e_Discrimination\"><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">(e)<span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Discrimination<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A good test should be able to discriminate good performing pupils from the bad performing ones in terms of performance. i.e. it should give below average, average and above average performers.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Please visit and subscribe to our <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/from-passion-to-presence-a-step-by-step-guide-to-youtube-channel-creation\/\">YouTube Channel<\/a>:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DecrolyEducationCentre?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decroly Education Centre (youtube.com)<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/Centre4Elites?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Centre for Elites \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tests and testing are key to success in education for both teacher and learner. But what do they mean? A [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1744,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":111,"footnotes":""},"categories":[111,112],"tags":[245,71,350],"class_list":["post-935","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-measurement-and-evaluation","category-tests-and-testing","tag-assessment-in-education","tag-educational-psychology","tag-test-and-testing"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-3825462.jpeg?fit=1820%2C1300&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":938,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/educational-assessment-2-facts-to-master\/","url_meta":{"origin":935,"position":0},"title":"Educational assessment. 2 Facts to Master","author":"centreforelites","date":"November 3, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Educational assessment is defined as the process by which the quality of an individual's work or performance is judged. In Zambian Schools, assessment of learning is usually carried out by teachers","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Measurement and Evaluation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Measurement and Evaluation","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/measurement-and-evaluation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Educational assessment. 2 Facts to Master","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8460030.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8460030.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8460030.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8460030.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8460030.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":937,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/educational-measurement-and-evaluation\/","url_meta":{"origin":935,"position":1},"title":"EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION","author":"centreforelites","date":"November 3, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The terms educational measurement and evaluation represent concepts that are often used by educational workers while studying children and also while studying individual differences involving academic achievement and aptitude","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Measurement and Evaluation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Measurement and Evaluation","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/measurement-and-evaluation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-6941450.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-6941450.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-6941450.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-6941450.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-6941450.jpeg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2113,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/the-4-types-of-evaluation-in-education-a-comprehensive-overview\/","url_meta":{"origin":935,"position":2},"title":"The 4 Types of Evaluation in Education. A Comprehensive Overview","author":"centreforelites","date":"January 14, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"In this post, we'll be delving into the commonly applied types of evaluation in education used in all academic settings, each serving a unique purpose.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Educational Management&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Educational Management","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/category\/educational-management\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The 4 Types of Evaluation in Education. A Comprehensive Overview","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pexels-photo-15351348.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pexels-photo-15351348.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pexels-photo-15351348.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pexels-photo-15351348.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/pexels-photo-15351348.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":936,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/characteristics-of-a-good-test\/","url_meta":{"origin":935,"position":3},"title":"CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TEST","author":"centreforelites","date":"November 3, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The characteristics of a good test are features that a test should have if it is to be real, trustworthy and informative. 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