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# Support Centre Center for Elites

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## Sitemaps

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## Posts

- [News](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/news-2/)
- [THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-relationship-between-growth-and-development/) - After discussing the concepts of growth and development as well as the different theories of development, let us now identify the relationship between the two
- [CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TEST](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/characteristics-of-a-good-test/) - The characteristics of a good test are features that a test should have if it is to be real, trustworthy and informative. To ascertain that a given test is sound and has real value,
- [CURRICULUM EVALUATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/curriculum-evaluation-and-quality-assurance/) - Curriculum evaluation is the systematic process of collecting, analysing, and interpreting information to determine the value, effectiveness, and quality of a curriculum.
- [Algebra of Sound Waves – Problem Set: Master Frequency Ratios for Physics Exam Success (Free Download)](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/algebra-of-sound-waves-problem-set-master-frequency-ratios-for-physics-exam-success-free-download/) - Download our free 20‑question Algebra of Sound Waves Problem Set with frequency ratios, harmonic intervals, beat frequencies, and a complete answer key. Perfect for A‑Level, AP Physics, and IB exam preparation.
- [Statistical Song Analysis Worksheet](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/statistical-song-analysis-worksheet/) - Download our free Statistical Song Analysis Worksheet. Step‑by‑step instructions to run a Fourier transform on any MP3 using free software. Perfect for music data science, physics projects, and hit song prediction.
- [Wave Interference Problem Set: Master Calculus of Harmony (Free Download)](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/wave-interference-problem-set/) - Download our free 20‑question Wave Interference Problem Set with phase calculations, hall simulation mini‑cases, and a complete answer key. Master constructive/destructive interference for physics exams and audio engineering.
- [Sacred Geometry in Music: The Hidden Mathematics of Harmony](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/sacred-geometry-in-music-the-hidden-mathematics-of-harmony/) - Sacred geometry — the study of geometric proportions and patterns found throughout nature, from nautilus shells to galaxies — has quietly shaped some of history’s most timeless compositions.
- [Mastering Logarithms in Sound Engineering: Decibels, Pitch, and Digital Audio](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/mastering-logarithms-in-sound-engineering-decibels-pitch-and-digital-audio/) - Discover how logarithms shape the world of audio engineering in this comprehensive problem set. From decibel calculations and pitch scales to digital production and mastering techniques, this resource offers 20 real‑world scenarios designed for A‑Level, AP, IB physics exams, audio engineering courses, and self‑study. Learn to calculate sound intensity, tune instruments with precision, and understand
- [Primary Care Behavioral Health in Zambia: Integrating Mental Health into Primary Care for Better Outcomes](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/primary-care-behavioral-health-in-zambia-integrating-mental-health-into-primary-care-for-better-outcomes/) - Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) offers a pragmatic, evidence-informed framework for bridging this gap by embedding behavioral health services within primary care settings.
- [Growth Mindset vs. Fixed Mindset: The Psychology of Success](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/growth-mindset-vs-fixed-mindset-the-psychology-of-success/) - The distinction between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset—popularized by psychologist Carol Dweck—offers a powerful framework for understanding why some individuals flourish in the face of challenge while others falter.
- [Integrated Care Models: Social Work Practice in Mental Health Care](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/integrated-care-models-social-work-practice-in-mental-health-care/) - Integrated care rests on the premise that mental health, physical health, and social factors are inextricably linked
- [Definitions and Models of Mental Health and Illness](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/definitions-and-models-of-mental-health-and-illness/) - The WHO defines mental health as a state of well-being enabling individuals to realise abilities, cope with normal stresses, work productively and contribute to their communities. This definition shifts emphasis from disease to functioning and participation (WHO, 2021). For Zambia, a country with diverse linguistic, ethnic, and religious communities and pronounced socioeconomic inequalities, this holistic
- [African Resistance to the Establishment of Colonial Rule in Central Africa](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/african-resistance-to-the-establishment-of-colonial-rule-in-central-africa/) - Early African resistance to the establishment of colonialism in Central Africa was divided into two stages, the Primary and the Secondary resistance stage.
- [Characteristics of Good Testing](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/characteristics-of-good-testing/) - Testing is a critical component of software development, ensuring that applications function as intended, meet user expectations, and maintain high quality. However, not all testing is equally effective. Good testing follows certain principles and exhibits key characteristics that distinguish it from superficial or inefficient testing practices. In this blog post, we will explore the essential
- [Carl Jung’s Collective Unconscious Theory of Personality: Unveiling the Hidden Depths of the Human Psyche](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/carl-jungs-collective-unconscious-theory-of-personality-unveiling-the-hidden-depths-of-the-human-psyche/) - Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, stands as one of the most influential figures in the realm of depth psychology. His groundbreaking theories have profoundly shaped our understanding of the human psyche, offering insights into the mysteries of personality, behavior, and the unconscious mind. Among his most enduring contributions is the concept of
- [Psychophysiology of Depression](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/psychophysiology-of-depression/) - Understanding the psychophysiology of depression allows us to explore the interplay between biological systems, psychological factors, and the physical manifestations of this condition.
- [Carl Jung’s Collective Unconscious Theory of Personality](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/carl-jungs-collective-unconscious-theory-of-personality/) - Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, stands as one of the most influential figures in the realm of depth psychology. His groundbreaking theories have profoundly shaped our understanding of the human psyche, offering insights into the mysteries of personality, behavior, and the unconscious mind. Among his most enduring contributions is the concept of
- [Educational Psychology and Sociology: Definitions and Importance in Teaching and Learning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/educational-psychology-and-sociology-definitions-and-importance-in-teaching-and-learning/) - This article will define educational psychology and sociology, and discuss their importance in teaching and learning.
- [Healing Minds: The Power of Biological Therapies in Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/healing-minds-the-power-of-biological-therapies-in-psychology/) - This blog post delves into the intricacies of these biological therapies, exploring their mechanisms, benefits, and controversies.
- [The Signal-Detection Theory: Understanding Perception and Decision Making](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-signal-detection-theory-understanding-perception-and-decision-making/) - The signal-detection theory delves into the intricate relationships between motivation, sensitivity, and decision-making when it comes to detecting the presence or absence of a stimulus
- [Unlock Your Potential: Join the DecrolyPsych Journey Today!](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/unlock-your-potential-join-the-decrolypsych-journey-today/) - DecrolyPsych is a YouTube channel dedicated to mental health. By subscribing, you take an important first step towards achieving mental clarity and resilience.
- [ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/economic-growth-and-food-security/) - Economic growth is the incremental value in monetary terms of the wealth of a nation. The total value of goods and services produced by a nation are measured using a compound index.
- [Government Structure and Functions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/government-structure-and-functions/) - Modern government structure generally tend to be organized in terms of the three organs of government, namely the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary.
- [9 Major Defence Mechanisms of Personality](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/9-major-defence-mechanisms-of-personality/) - Defence Mechanisms of Personality are Unconscious psychological techniques employed by a person to shield themselves from worry brought on by undesirable thoughts or feelings.
- [DEMERITS OF DEMOCRACY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/demerits-of-democracy/) - Democracy has certain weaknesses or demerits. Some of the demerits of democracy will be discussed in this article.
- [7 Theories of intelligence](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/7-theories-of-intelligence/) - It is in sense that different scholars made efforts to come up with their own understanding of what intelligence really is and the different forms that it may take. It is this effort by psychologists and other scientists which resulted in various Theories of intelligence.
- [The Enduring Legacy of the Undi Kingdom: A Comprehensive Examination](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-enduring-legacy-of-the-undi-kingdom-a-comprehensive-examination/) - he Undi Kingdom, a once-prominent and influential polity in the annals of history, continues to captivate the minds of scholars and enthusiasts alike.
- [Secondary School Funding Organisations for Vulnerable Families in 2025](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/secondary-school-funding-organisations-for-vulnerable-families-in-2025/) - As we progress into 2025, let's examine the various funding organisations that emerge as crucial players in supporting secondary education for these families.
- [HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/historical-perspectives-of-psychology/) - Understanding the historical perspectives of psychology helps us appreciate how it has evolved and how it continues to grow as a science.
- [5 Main Approaches of Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/5-main-approaches-of-psychology/) - #post_excerptA brief summary of the 5 main approaches of psychology (sometimes called perspectives) in psychology, is given in this article.
- [IMPORTANCE OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/importance-of-wild-life-conservation/) - Wild life conservation is a duty of any well-meaning organisation and all institutions, including governments, for the best interests of the local populations. A business as usual approach to GMAs would almost certainly result in perpetuation of the current cycle of declining ecological and economic productivity and waning social benefits. There is a need for
- [Research and Common Sense For Educational Psychologists](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/research-and-common-sense/) - Research and common sense are usually complementary skills of an Educational Psychologist. For so many generations, men strived to acquire competencies and relevant information without using the scientific skills or education and without passing through the scientific procedures. This process of gaining knowledge by means of natural methods based on gift came to be known
- [2 Types of Statistics Applied in Educational Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/2-types-of-statistics-applied-in-educational-psychology/) - There are two basic types of statistics used in all areas of research, namely descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
- [COGNITIVE FIELD THEORY OF LEARNING - GESTALT THEORIES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/cognitive-field-theory-of-learning-gestalt-theories/) - Cognitive Field or Gestalt theory was formulated by a group of German Psychologists, namely Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler.
- [The Humanistic Theory of Learning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/humanistic-theory-of-learning/) - The Humanistic theory is a principle based on the appreciation of other human beings, unconditionally, for their self-fulfilment in life.
- [The Research Process in Theatre For Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development-2/) - The term research process carries the meaning of series of actions, tasks or steps that are taken to achieve result during investigation. In theatre for development that something is increasing participation of the people that animateurs work with so that they can make change in their lives. The change that takes place in the lives
- [6 STAGES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/stages-of-language-development/) - Language development is divided into a series of closely linked stages which overlap somewhat, form a convenient framework for studying early vocalization.
- [RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/relationship-between-language-and-thought/) - Some linguists and researchers hold that language and thought are two separate and independent entities. The other group feels language partially influences thought.
- [The Concept of Theatre for Development (TfD)](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-theatre-for-development-tfd-2/) - Theatre for Development refers to the theatre for community animation, theatre for the marginalised, theatre for rural development or simply popular theatre.
- [Chalimbana Popular Theatre Workshop 1979](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/chalimbana-popular-theatre-workshop-1979/) - In Zambia, the theatre workers found the Botswana Theatre for Development ideas very attractive. The Chalimbana Popular Theatre Workshop was held at Chalimbana Training Centre, about 40 km east of Lusaka in August, 1979. In fact, there had already been examples of plays in Zambia before 1987 which used a didactic technique to highlight social In Zambia, the theatre workers found the Botswana Theatre for Development ideas very attractive. The Chalimbana Popular Theatre Workshop was held at Chalimbana Training Centre
- [Theory of Conscientization](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/theory-of-conscientization/) - TFD is rooted in the theory of conscientization attributed to the Brazilian Adult Educator, Paulo Freire who worked with the poor people in North-Eastern Brazil in the province called Recife.
- [Types of leaves and leaf structure](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/types-of-leaves-and-leaf-structure/) - Leaves are specialised to capture light for photosynthesis. Mainly, it is observed that the environment determines the type of leaf plants possesses. A typical leaf has a thin, flat blade, and a stalk, or petiole which joins the leaf to the stem. There are two types of leaves; simple and compound leaves. A simple leaf
- [Application of Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/application-of-assumptions-of-the-kinetic-theory/) - Kinetic theory has got more applications in daily life, in most of the tools and apparatus we use in our activities. This articles will focus on the major application. The Rates of Diffusion and Kinetic Theory Diffusion is the process by which the molecules of one substance mix with those of another as a result
- [THE 10 MOST COMMON ANIMAL DISEASES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-10-most-common-animal-diseases/) - It is important for the farmers to understand the most common animal diseases so as to identify them early and have idea on how to treat them. Good husbandry, proper feeding, and hygiene are the main contributors to animal health on the farm, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still
- [Types and Properties of Matter](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/types-and-properties-of-matter/) - This post explore the various properties of matter as well as the states of matter in terms kinetic theory. The matter is made up of very small particles called molecules. Molecules are made up of a number of atoms of either the same or different elements which are bonded together. The Greek philosopher called Leucippus
- [Animal production | Introduction to Husbandry](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/animal-production-introduction-to-husbandry/) - Animal production can be referred to as the act of selective raising the livestock for health and economical purposes. It is the management and care of animals
- [10 Major Threats to wildlife](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/10-major-threats-to-wildlife/) - Living organisms face a constant barrage of external stresses or threats to the wildlife that challenge their ability to survive and reproduce. If a species is unable to successfully cope with these threats through adaptation, they may face extinction. A constantly changing physical environment requires organisms to adapt to new temperatures, climates, and atmospheric conditions.
- [The Concept of Tact](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-tact/) - There are better or more appropriate ways of communicating certain information so that we don’t sound “too pointed” or “too direct” or “insulting” or “uncultured” or even “foolish.” This is leads to the Concept of Tact. People who speak just “anyhow” are often accused of lacking tact in communication. Someone said something to you and
- [External Parts of Human Body](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/external-parts-of-human-body/) - The external parts of human body are connected to the five major sense organs which tell us about our surroundings and enhance our survival.
- [MAJOR SOCIAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO ADOLESCENCE](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/major-social-problems-related-to-adolescence/) - Some prominent adolescent Social problems include drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, dropping out of school, unplanned pregnancies etc.
- [FACTORS AFFECTING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/factors-affecting-postnatal-development-of-adolescents/) - This article introduces you to the postnatal development aspects such as physical and maturational changes that characterise the adolescence stage.
- [The Principles and Factors of Growth and Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-principle-and-factor-of-growth-and-development/) - Each child’s path or pattern of growth and development is determined by genetic and environmental factors. These are known as factors of growth and Development. The genetic factors determine the potential and limitations of growth and development.
- [CONFLICT AND NEGOTIATION IN AN ORGANIZATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/conflict-and-negotiation-2/) - Conflict and negotiation are endemic in organisational life because of the complications of diversity, culture, ideology, individual and group differences and the diversity of interests and goals of members of the organisation.
- [Parts of Human Body](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/parts-of-human-body/) - The human body is more like an entire factory, that produce from the raw materials in the environment, what we need to be strength and good health.
- [Top Research Areas for Postdoctoral Fellowships in Education](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/top-research-areas-for-postdoctoral-fellowships-in-education/) - Embark on an exploratory journey into the future of education with our deep dive into the best research areas for postdoctoral fellowships. From the transformative potential of Educational Technology to the inclusive strategies of Inclusive Education, STEM advancements, Teacher Education, and the critical role of Education Policy and Reform, this video is designed for recent
- [Strategic Management Components](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/strategic-management-components/) - INTRODUCTION In formulating strategies, there are basic Strategic Management Components or elements that we usually consider. These include company mission, profile, goals, objectives, strategy and policy. The components are not so cleanly and neatly performed in actual practice. Usually, there is an interplay of the elements. The boundaries between the components are hard or difficult
- [7 Strategic Management Components](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/7-strategic-management-components/) - INTRODUCTION In formulating strategies, there are basic components or elements that we usually consider. These include company mission, profile, goals, objectives, strategy and policy. The components are not so cleanly and neatly performed in actual practice. Usually, there is an interplay of the elements. The boundaries between the components are hard or difficult to distinguish the tasks involved in strategic management are never isolated from everything else that falls within a manager's purview
- [Priest and Priesthood in African Society](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/priest-and-priesthood-in-african-society/) - The priest is the mediator between man and the gods (God). These are ministers in the temples, shrines, sacred groves and other religious centres. He may be set apart from birth or called to the service of the god. Both men and women are eligible. There are two types of priests among the people; the lay The priest is the mediator between man and the gods (God). These are ministers in the temples, shrines, sacred groves and other religious centres.
- [Categories of Sacrifices in African Traditional Religions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/categories-of-sacrifices-in-african-traditional-religions-2/) - The first form of worship in Africa was the use of sacrifices. Join us as we look at the different Categories of Sacrifices in African Traditional Religions
- [Categories of Sacrifices in African Traditional Religions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/categories-of-sacrifices-in-african-traditional-religions/) - As far as worship was concerned, God was worshipped in a number of ways among African peoples. The first form of worship was the use of sacrifices (when animals were killed) and offerings (the presentation of food, animal blood or other items). These were given to God, the spirits, and the living-dead. The spirits and the living-dead The first form of worship was the use of sacrifices and offerings. These were given to God, the spirits, and the living-dead.
- [EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/educational-implications-of-the-operant-conditioning-theory/) - Read through this article and learn more about some educational implications of the operant conditioning theory
- [TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures/) - Five Operant conditioning procedures are defined by the presentation or removal of a reinforcement or punishment.
- [3 Basic Structures of Personality according to Freud](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/3-basic-structures-of-personality-according-to-freud/) - To state clearly the struggles that the mind goes through at the different levels in one’s life, Freud used a description of the three structures of personality, which we shall discuss in this article.
- [The 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/pychosexual-stages-of-development/) - As Freud analysed his patients, he came up with the conclusion that their problems were as a result of experiences from their earlier life so he derived the theory of the psychosexual stages of development where he came up with five stages. If this progression does not occur, the individual is said to be fixated at this stage of development.
- [ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/erik-eriksons-psychosocial-theory-of-development/) - To explain his views about personality development, Erikson coined his own theory which came to be known as ‘Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory’ which was typically a stage-development theory.
- [URIE BRONFENBRENNER ECOLOGICAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/urie-bronfenbrenner-ecological-theory-of-development/) - In his Ecological Theory of Development, Bronfenbrenner postulated that in order to understand human development, the entire ecological system in which growth occurs needs to be taken into account.
- [IMPLICATIONS OF THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORIES FOR EDUCATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/implications-of-the-moral-development-theories-for-education/) - This article discusses the major implications of the moral Development Theories in the Classroom environment.
- [GAGNÉ'S HIERARCHY OF LEARNING THEORY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/gagnes-hierarchy-of-learning/) - In 1956, the American educational psychologist Robert M. Gagné proposed a system of classifying different types of learning in terms of the degree of complexity of the mental processes involved known as Hierarchy of Learning Theory
- [JEROME BRUNER'S THEORY OF DISCOVERY LEARNING & REPRESENTATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/jerome-bruners-theory-of-discovery-learning-representation/) - This article explores Jerome Bruner's theory of development, his three modes of representation, and his beliefs on learning, language, and discovery.
- [BIOLOGICAL OR AROUSAL THEORY OF MOTIVATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/biological-or-arousal-theory-of-motivation/) - The arousal theory of motivation was developed by Donald Hebb, a Canadian Neuropsychologist, (of which he is recognised as the founding father) who lived between 22nd July 1904 and 20th August,1985.
- [EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION By Victor Vroom](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/expectancy-theory-of-motivation/) - The expectancy theory of motivation was suggested by Victor Vroom. Unlike Maslow, Vroom does not concentrate on needs as motivational factors, but rather he focuses on outcomes.
- [THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-social-cognitive-learning-theory/) - The social cognitive learning theory, has developed over the years to explain alternative ways through which learning takes place in a social context.
- [The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Theory](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/self-fulfilling-prophecy/) - The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy was defined by Wool folk, A. (2013:538) as a groundless expectation that is confirmed because it has been expected.
- [Incentive theory of motivation by Hull](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/incentive-function-theory-of-motivation-by-hull/) - The drive-reduction theory of motivation emphasizes the internal states of the organism; however, the Incentive theory of motivation stresses the role of the environment in motivating behaviour.
- [THE NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENCE](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-nature-and-structure-of-intelligence/) - The structure of intelligence can be referred to as the different components or elements of intelligence which, according to the triardic theory are divided into: metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components.
- [1 Way to Find a job so perfect and personalized](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/1-way-to-find-a-job-so-perfect-and-personalized/) - Introduction The job today is something that everyone cries for. However, with the advent of the information age, it gets easier and easier to find a job which is more comfortable, even with just your skills. In no way today you can have skills and fail to do something with them, especially with so many with the advent of the information age, it gets easier and easier to find a job which is more comfortable, even with just your skills.
- [Reproduction of the flowering plants](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/reproduction-of-the-flowering-plants/) - The flowering plants or angiosperm have reproductive structures found within, structures called flowers and the seeds, while developing and enclosed within a fruit. Flowers are organs which are specialized for sexual reproduction. Despite the different shapes and sizes of flowers, they are all made up of similar parts. FLOWER STRUCTURE The flower is made up
- [Teaching as the Decision Making. 4 Processes Involved](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/teaching-as-the-decision-making/) - Teaching is noble career which requires highly organised thinking prior to decision-making. Considering teaching as the decision making would not be an overemphasis. High Performing teachers plan effectively, use critical thinking and problem-solving techniques, and collect and analyse data for continuous school improvement. “Teaching is defined as the process of making and implementing decision, before,
- [Tests and Testing in Education](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/tests-and-testing-in-education/) - Tests and testing are key to success in education for both teacher and learner. But what do they mean? A test is an instrument or tool that is used to assess or measure the learners' progress and achievement in terms of knowledge, skills, values and attitudes. Testing refers to a systematic procedure of measuring or
- [Application of Educational Psychology knowledge to the society](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/application-of-knowledge-acquired-from-psychology-and-educational-psychology-to-the-society/) - Let us take a close look at the actual application of Educational Psychology knowledge to the society. The knowledge acquired in Psychology in general and Educational psychology in particular can be useful in so many ways. The main Services offered following the knowledge and specialisation in educational psychology are usually related to the many
- [PSYCHOLOGY AS THE OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/psychology-as-the-observable-behavior-observable-behavior/) - PSYCHOLOGY AS THE OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR IN THE LIGHT OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, OPERANT CONDITIONING AND HUMANISTIC THEORY By Levinson Many people do not know that psychology is describe as the study of observable behavior by some scholars in their theories. As teachers, it is very imperative to discuss and understand this observable behaviour if we are to Many people do not know that psychology is describe as the study of observable behavior by some scholars in their theories. As teachers, it is very imperative to discuss and understand this observable behaviour if we are to effectively teach and faze away phobia
- [The 7 Responsibilities of the teacher in the community](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-responsibility-of-the-teacher-in-the-community/) - This post will help us unravel the ultimate Responsibilities of the teacher in the community. Beyond the walls of the classroom, a teacher has also got some responsibilities towards the learners they have in charge, as well as other members of the community the teacher lives in. Teachers are the most respected people in the
- [Sports Marketing. What you may not know about the strategy.](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/sports-marketing-what-you-may-not-know-about-the-strategy/) - Sports Marketing is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name. The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sports through sports.
- [EHS 2110: HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/ehs-2110-human-anatomy-physiology-and-microbiology/) - INTRODUCTION Human Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology course is aimed to equip students with the relevant biomedical knowledge to enable them to understand factors related to environmental health. Environmental Health practitioners should be knowledgeable of the causative agents of human (and animal originated) communicable diseases and their effects on public health in order to commission control
- [HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH PRENATAL PERIOD](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/hazards-associated-with-prenatal-period/) - There are serious hazards to development during the relatively short period before birth or during the prenatal Period. These are either physical or psychological.
- [From Passion to Presence: A Step-by-Step Guide to YouTube Channel Creation](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/from-passion-to-presence-a-step-by-step-guide-to-youtube-channel-creation/) - Welcome to our YouTube Channel Creation Guide! In this video, we will take you on an exciting journey towards becoming a successful YouTuber. Are you wondering why you should start a YouTube channel?
- [POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZAMBIA IN 4 POINTS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/political-development-in-zambia-in-4-points/) - In this article we shall look at the political development in Zambia with a particular emphasis on the coming of the British South African Company to modern Zambia and reasons why the Europeans developed an interest in the region.
- [Management Control. 2 Major steps in the process](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/management-control-2-major-steps-in-the-process/) - Management Control ensures the human physical and technological resources are allocated and utilised to achieve the overall purpose of the organisation. The feedback control is about monitoring the outputs desired against outputs achieved. There are many ways of management control which include feedback, feedforward, bench-marking and auditing. Most of these are usually employed by progressive organisation.
- [Unlocking Opportunities: The Power of Holiday Jobs for Students](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/unlocking-opportunities-the-power-of-holiday-jobs-for-students/) - Looking to make the most of your holidays as a student? In this article, we delve into the world of holiday jobs for students and why they are crucial.
- [ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/elements-compounds-and-mixtures/) - Matter exists either as in form of an element, compound or a mixture. An element is the simplest form of a substance because is made up of one type of atoms. Elements can further be classified into metals and non-metals. Compounds are formed between two or more elements that have chemically combined. Many different
- [Feed manufacturing for animals](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/feed-manufacturing-for-animals/) - Feed manufacturing refers to the process of producing animal feed from raw agricultural products. Fodder produced by manufacturing is formulated to meet specific animal nutrition requirements for different species of animals at different life stages. Feed preparation and quality The quality of the prepared feed ultimately depends on the quality of the material such as
- [Types of livestock or animal feed](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/types-of-livestock-or-animal-feed/) - Animal feed is food given to domestic animals in the course of animal husbandry. There are two basic types: fodder and forage. Used alone, the word "feed" more often refers to fodder. As long as livestock remains an integral part of agricultural society, there will always be the demand for animal feed on a large
- [Type of livestock kept by farmers in Zambia](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/type-of-livestock-kept-by-farmers-in-zambia/) - Livestock is commonly defined as domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labour and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to those that are bred for consumption, while other times it refers only to farmed ruminants, such as cattle and goats.
- [Animals' self-protection from their enemies](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/animals-self-protection-from-their-enemies/) - Every habitat is full of dangers. Animals use their self-protection instinct to save themselves from danger. To do this, they adopt their innate mechanisms of self-protection from their enemies. In this article, we have selected some of the most sophisticated Animals' self-protection measures taken by animals, mostly the vulnerable ones to keep themselves safe. For
- [Plant Propagation - Natural Vegetative Method](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/plant-propagation-natural-vegetative-method/) - Plant propagation involves the formation and development of new individuals which are utilised in the establishment of new plantings. The importance of plant propagation in crop production is that it perpetuates plants as independent units. There are two main ways or methods of plant propagation. First, propagation by seed (sometimes called the sexual method). The
- [GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS (GMA)](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/game-management-areas-gma/) - Game management is a term that refers to the management of wildlife in the hunting context. The purpose of this type of management is to optimise the production of game on a territory in order to ensure the sustainable exploitation of game without disrupting the farming-forestry-hunting balance. Using different actions, this type of management supports
- [Artificial Vegetative Propagation](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/artificial-vegetative-propagation/) - Artificial vegetative propagation is a type of plant reproduction that is accomplished through artificial means involving human intervention. The most common types of artificial vegetative reproductive techniques involve cutting, layering, grafting, suckering, and tissue culture. These methods are employed by many farmers and horticulturists to produce healthier crops with more desirable qualities. Principal Methods of
- [Structure and types of stems](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/structure-and-types-of-stems/) - There are basically two types of stems - herbaceous stems and woody stems. Herbaceous plants have soft, green, juicy stems that are called herbaceous stems. They have a life span of one to two years. The cells of apical meristems are the source of all the tissues of herbaceous plants. Herbaceous stems are produced by
- [Principles and 5 Types of Crop Production](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/principles-and-5-types-of-crop-production/) - Through crop production you will learn the principles and practices of cultivating and managing crop plants for human and animal consumption or for industrial uses. You will also discover that the type of crop is to be grown determined by factors such as the amount and distribution of rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, the length of
- [PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/photosynthesis-and-respiration/) - Green plants make food by a chemical process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process of capturing and transforming the energy of sunlight into chemical energy. Plants use carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen. Respiration on the other hand is a chemical process in which food is oxidized in an organism to
- [Wild Animal Video - Birds flying over Phosphorus](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/wild-animal-video-birds-flying-over-phosphorus/) - Wild Animal Video - Birds flying over Phosphorus
- [Absolute Scale](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/absolute-scale/) - Absolute Scale is a temperature scale that defines absolute zero as 0 degrees; water freezes at 273.16 degrees and boils at 373.16 degrees While we often think of temperature in terms of hot and cold, there's a whole world of extremes beyond our everyday experiences. Today, we're embarking on a journey through the Absolute Scale of Temperature,
- [Lab safety for Scientific Experiments](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/lab-safety-for-scientific-experiments/) - Lab safety in a necessity because Laboratories are delicate places. Carelessness in there can cause serious accidents. Care in the laboratory The two most important words to remember when working in a lab are “Be CAUTIOUS and LABORATORY WORK DONE WITHOUT ENOUGH CARE TURNS TO BE UNWORTHY”. - Familiarity with materials and equipment being
- [Sobanukirwa Iyigamyifatire | Nguku uko kwiga imyifatire ya muntu byadutse mu bantu](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/sobanukirwa-iyigamyifatire-nguku-uko-kwiga-imyifatire-ya-muntu-byadutse-mu-bantu/) - Ukwibeshya kwa Psamtik wa I Ibi tubikesha umuhanga muby’imyifatire ya muntu, akaba n’umwanditsi mu bya siyansi, Umunyamerika witwa HUNT Magill MORTON, nawe akaba abikesha Herodote, uzwi nka se w’amateka. Umugabo udasanzwe, Psamtik wa I, wayoboye Misiri mu gice cya nyuma cy'ikinyejana cya karindwi mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu, yakoze ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwanditswe mu mateka y’iyigamyifatire ari
- [Aberration](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/aberration/) - Aberration is an optical phenomenon resulting from the failure of a lens or mirror to produce a good image
- [Adhesive forces](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/adhesive-forces/) - Adhesion: Forces of attraction between molecules of different substances
- [Adiabatic](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/adiabatic/) - Adiabatic process are phenomena occurring without loss or gain of heat
- [Absolute zero](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/absolute-zero/) - The lowest temperature theoretically attainable (at which the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is minimal); 0 Kelvin or -273.15 centigrade or -459.67 Fahrenheit
- [SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/significance-of-industrial-relations/) - The maintenance of the significance of industrial relations is of vital importance for the survival and growth of the industrials enterprise. Good industrial relations result in increased efficiency and hence prosperity, reduced turnover and other tangible benefits to the organization. The significance of industrial relations can be summarized as below: It establishes industrial democracy: Industrial
- [Alnico](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/alnico/) - Alnico is a trade name for an alloy used to make high-energy permanent magnets; contains aluminium and iron and nickel plus cobalt, copper or titanium.
- [THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-context-of-industrial-relations/) - There are 2 main dimensions in the context of Industrial Relations, namely internal and external context. The Industrial Relations are conducted within the external context of the national political-economic, the international influence and the internal context of the organization. 1. The Political Context The Political Context is formed by the government of the day. Some governments will
- [INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-industrial-relations-2/) - Industrial relations define relationships between employers and employees toward each other in terms of supervision, direction, planning and coordination of organizational activities, with minimal human effort and functions; all this done with an enthusiastic spirit taking into consideration the safety of all employees. Industrial relations may also be defined as relations between employees and management.
- [CAUSES OF POOR INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/causes-of-poor-industrial-relations/) - Perhaps the main cause or source of poor industrial relations resulting in inefficiency and labour unrest is mental laziness on the part of both management and labour. Management is not sufficiently concerned to ascertain the causes of inefficiency and unrest following the laissez-faire policy until it is faced with strikes and more serious unrest.
- [3 ACTORS IN THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS SYSTEM](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/3-actors-in-the-industrial-relations-system-2/) - There are generally three main parties, which are directly involved in industrial relations, namely, employees, employer and government or society: 1. Employers: Employers possess certain rights vis-à-vis labors. They have the right to hire and fire them. Management can also affect workers’ interests by exercising their right to relocate, close or merge the factory or to
- [ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN MAINTAINING INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/role-of-trade-unions-in-maintaining-industrial-relations/) - The trade unions have a crucial role to play in maintaining smooth industrial relations. It is true that the unions have to protect and safeguard the interests of the workers through collective bargaining. Responsibilities of Trade Unions in maintaining industrial relations But at the same time, they have equal responsibility to see that the organizations
- [The collective bargaining process In Industrial Relations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-collective-bargaining-process-in-industrial-relations/) - This is a mutual ‘give and take’ transactional relationship between representatives of two institutions that is workers on one side and the employing organization on the other to the mutual benefit of both. In the unionized organization, the collective bargaining process can be thought of as a complex flow of events that occur in the
- [PRINCIPLES OF GOOD INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/principles-of-good-industrial-relations-2/) - There are a couple of principles of good industrial relations, but all depend on the efficiency of the players in the system. Here are the major principles: The willingness and ability of management and trade unions to deal with the problems freely, independently and with responsibility Recognition of collective bargaining. Desirability of associations of workers
- [Genesis and Evolution of Theatre for Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/genesis-and-evolution-of-theatre-for-development/) - TFD emerged in the late 1970s as a social movement that disseminated information on issues of development at grassroot level in the developing world. The Evolution of Theatre for Development was an offshoot of the travelling theatre movement but nurtured by the adult education movement. Chikwakwa travelling theatre in Zambia and the Laedza Batanani theatre
- [Theory of Conscientization](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/theory-of-conscientization-2/) - TFDis rooted in the theory of conscientization attributed to the Brazilain Adult Educator, Paulo Freire who worked with the poor people in the north Eastern Brazil in the province called Recife. Most of his thinking arose from that relationship with the poor. You will need to read Pedagogy of the Oppressed a small hut complex
- [The origin of popular theatre in Botswana](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-origin-of-popular-theatre-in-botswana-2/) - Popular theatre begun in Botswana in 1974 with a programme that was called 'Laedza Batanani'. The idea came from Ross Kidd, an expatriate adult educator working for the University in the northern part of the country (the Bokalaka). The origins are described by him in the first publication on popular theatre in Botswana. Laedza
- [The Origin of Chikwakwa Theatre](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-origin-of-chikwakwa-theatre-2/) - The Chikwakwa Theatre: The coming into being of the Chikwakwa Theatre in the 1960s gave rise to new theatre groups. The leaders of Chikwakwa Theatre were with a strong feeling and conviction that western theatre in the Zambian society was divided along racial lines and that there would not emerge anything of value If Western
- [Chalimbana Popular Theatre Workshop 1979](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/chalimbana-popular-theatre-workshop-1979-2/) - In Zambia the theatre workers found the Botswana Theatre for Developmentideas very attractive. In fact, there had already been examples of plays in Zambia before 1987 which used a didactic technique to highlight social problems. For example, the Lusaka Housing Unit used drama in the mid-1970s for demonstration of techniques of building low-cost houses in
- [International Workshops on the TFD](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/international-workshops-on-the-tfd/) - The growth of TFD worldwide and in Africa has followed a pattern that began with international workshops followed by a fall out of national organizations and CBOs. The first international workshop that considered arts in development was the UNESCO workshop organizedin India in 1972 on the use of folk media in Development. Adult educators attending
- [Qualitative research (QR)in Theatre for Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/qualitative-research-qr/) - Qualitative research has many branches. The reason for the so many branches that make up qualitative research is that researchers have different ways of capturing the complexity of human behaviour and depth of perception of phenomena. There are also reasons which are conditioned by the theory of knowledge that the researchers have that seem to
- [Artistic Code Creation](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/artistic-code-creation-2/) - Introduction You have collected and analyzed a lot of information. You have acquired some of the knowledge and skills that researchers use to discover causes of things. Many things do not just happen but are caused. You will now use the information for cod creation. By codes is meant: symbols, letters, system of words
- [Acting Warm ups](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/acting-warm-ups/) - Acting warm ups or ice breakers are interspace activities meant to relax the body and mind while participants act in group events.
- [What to know about Shinto Religion from Japan](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/what-to-know-about-shinto-religion-from-japan/) - Introduction This article attempts to explain important concepts in this religion such as the nature of Shinto, the concept of Kami, the worships and sacrifices in Shinto. It also brings out the notions of purity and the causes of impurity, visible and invisible worlds. You will understand through this article, the beliefs, rituals and practices
- [The Zoroastrianism from Iran | All you Must-know](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-zoroastrianism-from-iran-all-you-must-know-2/) - This article explains the nature of Zoroastrianism, The concept of Dualism such as good and evil. This is recognised in cosmic dualism (opposing forces within the universe) and moral dualism (opposing forces within the mind). The article introduces you to the attributes of God, good and evil as well as Zoroaster’s vision. Zoroastrianism is
- [What you may not know about Taoism from China](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/what-you-may-not-know-about-taoism-from-china/) - This article will avail you with important explanations on the nature of Taoism. It elucidates the concept of The Tao and the meaning of immortality in Taoism. We shall helps you to make the distinction between knowledge and relativity. The Nature of Taoism Taoism is an ancient tradition of philosophy and religious belief that is
- [All you need to know about Sikhism from India](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/all-you-need-to-know-about-sikhism-from-india/) - Exploration of this article will help you to know the nature of Sikhism. You will be exposed to monotheistic concept of God and the circle of life in Sikhism. The article examines the duties of a Sikh and vices in this religion. Sikhism was foundedin the 16th century in the Punjab district of what is
- [Rites in Connection with Passage of Life in African Traditions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/rites-in-connection-with-passage-of-life-in-african-traditions/) - There are many stages that a man has to pass in life. These are periods when people are metaphysically and sociologically made new beings with new social roles: children become adults, men and women are made husbands and wives and the deceased are made ancestors. The rituals associated with each one of them are called
- [AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/african-traditional-religion/) - This article introduces you to what African Traditional Religion is all about, its beliefs, rituals and practices. Religion is found in every human society. It is a sacred institution which educates persons on his/her beliefs and practices in relation to the divine being. The Traditional Religion in Africa is regarded as the cohesive factor in
- [Causes and effects of evil in African Traditional Belief](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/causes-and-effects-of-evil-in-african-traditional-belief-2/) - Arising from the corporatenature of Zambian communities that were held together by a web of kinship relationships and other social structures, almost every form of evil that a person suffered was believed to be caused by members of his/her community. There is no event without a spiritual/metaphysical cause; hence people looked beyond physical events to
- [Divinities in African Traditional Religion](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/divinities-in-african-traditional-religion-2/) - Divinities are gods who emanated from Supreme Deity. They have attribute of the Supreme Being and are in essence His offspring. These divinities render service to the theocratic government of the world. Categories of the Divinities They can be divided into three categories based on their positions, functions and influence. 1. The Primordial Divinities These
- [Magic and Medicine in African Tradition](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/magic-and-medicine-in-african-tradition-2/) - Definition Magic is a ritual activity which influences human or natural events through access to an external mystical force. Thus, magic influence people and events. It involved the manipulation of certain objects to cause a supernatural being to produce or prevent a particular result unobtainable ordinarily. Man bends the forces of nature of his will
- [How Was Priesthood in African Society?](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/priesthood-in-african-society/) - The priest is the mediator between man and the gods (God). These are ministers in the temples, shrines, sacred groves and other religious centres. He may be set apart from birth or called to the service of the god. Both men and women are eligible. There are two types of priests among the people; the
- [Witchcraft and Sorcery in African Tradition](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/witchcraft-and-sorcery-in-african-tradition-2/) - Witchcraft To most Africans, witchcraft is an ugly reality. Witches are believed to be people with inherent power. Although some witches acquired these powers to protect their areas, it is mostly believed that the powers are evil, anti-social are not primarily used to harm people. A witch is called Umuloshi, Mulozi, Muloi, Mfiti and Mulozhi
- [Global Conflict Trends and the Nature of Conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/global-conflict-trends-and-the-nature-of-conflicts-2/) - Differences in political structures and in the levels of power and access to technology, together with the ability to project that power and technology, has resulted, however, in some striking differences. Let us take a look at the Global Conflict Trends. Global look at Conflict Situation Some of the other conflicts that occurred (or continued)
- [OUTSIDE PERSPECTIVES ON CONFLICT IN AFRICA](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/outside-perspectives-on-conflict-in-africa-2/) - This article will provide you with a somewhat generalised overview of the outside perspectives on conflict in Africa. It will focus mainly on the Western perspective, given the fact that it is the Western world that is most in a position to do something about the conflict in Africa. A more detailed look at the
- [The agenda setting Process against conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-agenda-setting-process-against-conflicts-2/) - Agenda-setting refers to the process by which certain influential groups in society decide which issues are important to them and that they feel need to be dealt with. 'Actors' (an entity which plays an identifiable role in society) in society have 'agendas' (a set of prioritized issues for discussion or action), and agenda-setting is the
- [Measures against conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/measures-against-conflicts-2/) - We have seen the actors and some of the ways they influence each other in setting their agendas. But regardless of what these actors consider as important, the question remains, what can they actually do in support of conflict resolution in foreign, and often quite distant conflict zones? The answer depends on the options available
- [RESPONSE TO CONFLICT BY POLICYMAKERS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/response-to-conflict-by-policymakers-2/) - In this article, we will see that, on the whole, conflict in Africa has marginalised by outside policymakers when compared to other conflicts in the world. Measures may be taken in response to conflict, but they almost invariably fall terribly short in terms of the scale (particularly in comparison with the needs) and the timeliness.
- [Decision-making in Conflicts resolution](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/decision-making-in-conflicts-resolution-2/) - We have seen in the previous topic trends suggesting that policymakers outside the continent attach a low priority to conflicts in Africa on the whole. This topic aims to investigate why. The decisions of policy makers are formed, to a certain extent, according to internal dynamics, but they are also subject to influences from other
- [AFRICAN CONFLICTS NOT 'CHOSEN' FOR COVERAGE](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/african-conflicts-not-chosen-for-coverage-2/) - As seen in the previous articles, the domination in the news of certain conflicts means that there is precious little time or space for the remaining 20 or 30 conflicts; going on throughout the world. If it is indeed a trend that the conflicts that are chosen are those that involve Western powers directly or
- [The Media as actor in conflicts resolution](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-media-as-actor-in-conflicts-resolution-2/) - INTRODUCTION The media is an actor that 'speaks' rather than 'acts'. Its primary role in responding to conflict is to discover and report on conflicts, informing other actors of their existence and keeping them updated with how the conflict is unfolding as well as how others are responding to it. It may adopt a 'watchdog'
- [Academic Influence on Conflicts Reporting](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/academic-influence-on-conflicts-reporting-2/) - Academia also has the power to influence the media in a number of ways (although its power is generally weaker than the other major actors). When reporting on conflicts, journalists usually have little background knowledge on the conflict, its causes and its participants. They thus often turn to academics, or specialists in the field or
- [Decision-making by the Media in Reporting conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/decision-making-by-the-media-in-reporting-conflicts/) - We have seen in the previous articles that, like policymakers outside the continent, the media also have a tendency to attach a low priority to conflicts in Africa on the whole. This seems to apply to even to certain media corporations within Africa. This topic aims to investigate why this is the case. Media agenda-setting
- [Interest Groups Response to the Conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/interest-groups-response-to-the-conflicts-2/) - Groups with special interests in specific regions or issues, depending on their unity and financial strength are able to exert considerable influence on policymakers. They tend to draw their strength from the diasporas, or from those sharing religious beliefs. Do such interest groups exist for Africa in Western countries, and if they do, how responsive
- [GENERAL PUBLIC RESPONSE TO CONFLICT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/general-public-response-to-conflict-2/) - The general public are able to response to conflict by speaking about it with the people around them, petitioning their government, or taking to the streets to demand that attention be given to a conflict. They may also donate money to humanitarian aid appeals. Those who feel even more strongly may even organise themselves on
- [Corporations Response to  the conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/corporations-response-to-the-conflicts-2/) - Over the years, the expectations from corporations have evolved. It's no longer just about generating profits; it's about being a responsible global citizen. With the rise of social media and increased public scrutiny, corporations are under constant pressure to address conflicts and take a stand. The Power of Social Activism: From Hashtags to Tangible Change
- [Corporations Response to  the conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/corporations-response-to-the-conflicts-3/) - As far as Corporations Response to the conflicts, and in many ways, it can be said that the corporate world has been responsive to conflicts in Africa. This is not necessarily, however, a positive statement. The exploitation of extractable natural resources on the African continent has made the continuation of many African conflicts possible. Weapons are
- [The academia Response to Conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-academia-response-to-conflicts-2/) - The agendas and priorities of the academia in their response to conflict can be seen through the development and application of theory, through academic materials such as journals and books, and through history and the teaching of history. In this topic we will see how the handling of conflicts in academia is also Western-centric, and
- [Decision-making by the public in case of conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/decision-making-by-the-public-in-case-of-conflicts-2/) - The decision-making (or perhaps more appropriately: awareness-making) process of the public is quite varied, given the many types of actors within what we refer to as the public. This topic will examine the internal dynamics and the external influences on the public agendas, focusing on the general public, interest groups, corporations and NGOs. Internal Dynamics
- [Decision-making by the academia in conflict resolution](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/decision-making-by-the-academia-in-conflict-resolution/) - This article will examine the reasons why Africa has been marginalised by Western academics by looking at the decision-making process, or how subjects for research are chosen. It will look at the internal dynamics of the academic world, and then the external influences of the policymakers, media and the public. Internal Dynamics Academics holding
- [WHO CHOOSES CONFLICTS, AND HOW?](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/who-chooses-conflicts-and-how/) - The previous articles in the Social Development series demonstrated how each of the actors (policymakers, the media, the public and the academia) has a mutual influence on each of the other actors when it comes to agenda-setting on foreign conflict. Once a conflict is 'chosen' as being important and requiring attention and resources, other actors
- [13 Main Branches of Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/13-main-branches-of-psychology-2/) - Introduction Psychology is regarded as a science which studies human and animal behaviour. There are many branches of psychology helping to study different characteristics an organism can exhibit at a particular time or situation. Psychology attempts to study the people in relation to areas like social, education, physiological, genetics, environment and industrial settings. Branches of
- [The Concept of Educational Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-educational-psychology-2/) - The relevance of Educational Psychology in the classroom can not be over-emphasized. This is because a teacher who has skills and knowledge in psychology will be able to manage his/her classroom effectively. Besides, knowledge of psychology is a sine-quo-non to successful teaching-learning activities. What Is Educational Psychology Educational Psychology is an integral part of psychology which
- [Theory of Instrumental or Operant Conditioning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/theory-of-instrumental-or-operant-conditioning/) - Instrumental conditioning theory of learning was formulated by B.F. Skinner. Who was an American Psychologist. His theory came based on the lapses discovered in the classical conditioning theory. Skinner believed that classical conditioning explained only how behaviour that has already been acquired can occur in the presence of a new stimulus. Operant or instrumental conditioning,
- [Classical Conditioning Theory of Learning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/classical-conditioning-theory-of-learning-2/) - Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), was a renowned Russian Psychologist. He propounded the theory of classical conditioning in learning. Classical conditioning theory explains how an organism’s behaviour becomes paired with some stimuli/factors in the environment. This theory, sometimes referred to as “stimulus-substitution”, represents a condition where through contiguity and repetition in a presentation of a stimulus, a
- [Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/social-learning-theory-of-albert-bandura-2/) - Albert Bandura is noted as one of the exponents of theory of social learning and observational learning. Social learning theory explains human behaviour from the point of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY As stated above, observational learning is a type of learning which
- [THE THORNDIKE’S THEORY OF CONNECTIONISM](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-thorndikes-theory-of-connectionism-3/) - In this article, you will read the major three laws propounded by Thorndike on his theory of connectionism. He reveals that the foundation of learning is the association between sense impressions and impulses to action. The implications of the theory are also discussed. Edward Thorndike According to Thorndike, the fundamental of learning is the association
- [Cognitive Field Theory of Learning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/cognitive-field-theory-of-learning/) - Cognitive Field Theory or Gestalt theory was formulated by a group of German Psychologists. The theory emphasizes insightful learning rather than mechanical conditioning. It is believed that meaningful learning can only take place through a sequence of problem-solving approach. In this article, you will learn how learning takes place through the application of logical principles
- [How to Find Centre of Mass](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/centre-of-mass/) - The centre of mass or mass centre is the mean location of all the massin a system. In the case of a rigid body, the position of the centre of mass is fixed in relation to the body. In the case of a loose distribution of masses in free space, such as shotfrom a shotgunor
- [HUMANISTIC THEORY OF LEARNING](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/humanistic-theory-of-learning-2/) - The birth of Humanistic theory of learning is traceable from the likes of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow but has a different approach in the study of humans.
- [4 Developments in Information and Communication Technology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/4-developments-in-information-and-communication-technology/) - Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is referred to as a range of tools and techniques relating to computer-based hardware, to communications including both directed and broadcast, to information sources such as CD-ROM and the internet, and to associated technologies such as robots, videoconferencing and digital TV. Developmental Stages of Information and Communication Technology Technology evolved
- [NON STATE ACTORS IN FOOD SECURITY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/non-state-actors-in-food-security/) - While government takes a leading role in putting up policies and legislation which create a conducive environment there are also other players, the non-state actors that play a very important role in promoting food security. Players in Food Security Intervention · Private Sector as non-state actors Private business entities such as agribusiness firms play a
- [ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/organisational-change-and-development-2/) - INTRODUCTION According to Pattanayak (2012), change is inevitable for every organisation to be healthy and productive while organisational development as a generic term embraces a wide range of intervention strategies in both structural and social processes of an organisation. Organisational development programmes are packaged to drive organisational change agenda. The changes, however, are aimed at
- [MEANING AND SCOPE OF PRAGMATICS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/meaning-and-scope-of-pragmatics/) - Quite a number of language scholars have defined pragmatics, which are of interest to us in this study. These definitions throw some light on the nature, principles and scope of pragmatics. Let’s look at a few of them. (i) Leech & Short (1981:290) - Pragmatics is the investigation into that aspect of meaning which is
- [The Concept of Strategic Management](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-strategic-management/) - Strategic management provides better guidelines to the entire organisation on the crucial point of “what is it we are trying to do and to achieve”? It makes managers more alert to the winds of change, new opportunities and threatening developments. It also provides managers with a rationale for evaluating competing budget requests for investment capital and
- [The Context of Pragmatics in the Language use](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-context-of-pragmatics-in-the-language-use/) - Language use in this article will definitely refer to the use of linguistic codes (words) in the context of social life since pragmatics is the study of language use by individuals in specific social situations and whose actions are actually influenced by these situations. The study of language in its social context began with the
- [Brief History of Pragmatics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/brief-history-of-pragmatics/) - This article on the history of pragmatics will introduce you to the first significant studies that developed what today is known as pragmatics and subsequent efforts that have popularized the discipline. You will also see how these pioneering efforts attempted to broaden the scope of pragmatics and the extent of improvement thereafter as more language
- [Introduction to Deixis](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-deixis/) - Words such as us, I, we, him, then, now, there, here etc. usually identify referents so that the addressee may be able to quickly pick out a person, place or time relevant to the understanding of the intended meaning. These words are called ‘indexical’ and their functions, i.e. being able to encode the context are
- [Inference and Reference](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/inference-and-reference/) - Our current article explores Inference and Reference. A speaker or writer sometimes uses one thing to refer to another and expects his listener/reader to make the connection between the two things. Often, things are used to refer to people and personal names like John, Uche or Ola can refer to things based on some associations.
- [Politeness Principle](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/politeness-principle/) - In our study of tact in unit 4, we noted that language use often demands some form of politeness in order not to sound “too pointed,” “uncultured” or “rude.” This is because language as a form of cultural expression consists of etiquette and rules of behaviour that interactants must imbibe and practice. Politeness is therefore
- [What is Presupposition?](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/what-is-presupposition/) - Speakers or writers usually design their message on the assumption that the hearer or reader already has a degree of the knowledge of what is being communicated. What the writer assumes the reader already knows about the subject and the context of the information is known as a presupposition. Inference as we saw in the last
- [Speech events in English Language](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/speech-events-in-english-language/) - A speech event is what is going on, including both linguistic and non-linguistic activity that make up the context. Every speech event makes some demands on the participants as to the appropriate contribution required of them. Take for example a dialogue below: A: Let me see your card B: It’s not with me A: And
- [Speech Acts in English](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/speech-acts-in-english/) - You will recall that we identified the role of the context in determining the meaning of indexical references such as here, there or now. If I say to you: “the work must be finished now” and someone else tells you “youths are far more responsible now than ever” and your father tells you “I’m here
- [Some Theoretical Contributions to Pragmatics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/some-theoretical-contributions-to-pragmatics/) - Generally pragmatic theories attempt to explain how utterances convey meaning in context, explain how meaning is decoded from utterances in context especially in particular situations and how the context contribute to the meaning making enterprise. They also endeavour to explain how speakers can say one thing and mean another, how speakers and hearers of utterances
- [Utterance Acts and Austin's Theory of Pragmatics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/utterance-acts-and-austins-theory-of-pragmatics/) - This article explore the Utterance Acts and Austin's Theory of Pragmatics. Austin (1962) postulates that when an individual makes an utterance, he performs (i) the Utterance Acts or locutionary act, which is the act that utters a sentence with a certain meaning using the grammar, phonology and semantics of the language (ii) the Illocutionary act
- [Interfaces of Pragmatics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/interfaces-of-pragmatics/) - In this article, we shall be considering the interfaces of pragmatics and other linguistic disciplines; in other words we shall see how grammar, lexicon and sound/tone of voice interact with pragmatics. The questions we are likely going to answer will include: are there not purely grammatical constructions that convey pragmatic information for example those that
- [Pragmatics and Discourse Structure Relationships](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/pragmatics-and-discourse-structure/) - In this article we shall be examining the relationships between Pragmatics and Discourse Structure or some other ways speakers and writers encode meaning using some grammatical elements in discourse. Discourse (as we shall see in detail later), is the actual use of language in specific situations or what you may call a demonstration of language
- [The relationship between Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-relationship-between-pragmatics-and-sociolinguistics/) - Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to society while pragmatics is concerned with the study of language use in relation to the social context. Sociolinguistics cuts across many levels of linguistics and due to the many areas of common interests that the two disciplines share, it has been very difficult to
- [The relationship between Pragmatics and core Linguistics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-relationship-between-pragmatics-and-core-linguistics/) - Linguistics is formally defined as the scientific study of language and its subfields, i.e. phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics are often referred to as ‘core linguistics.’ Already we have endeavoured to explain the interaction of pragmatics with these subfields by pointing out the mediatory roles pragmatics plays in providing answers associated with meaning in relation to
- [The relationship between Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-relationship-between-pragmatics-and-discourse-analysis/) - The relationship between pragmatics and discourse analysis is such that makes it difficult to really say where one ends and where the other begins or when one explicitly excludes the other. The most popular definition of discourse analysis is given by Brown and Yule (1983) i.e. “... .the analysis of language in use.. .which is
- [Introduction to Pragmatic Research Methods](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-pragmatic-research-methods/) - INTRODUCTION Linguistics is often defined as a “scientific study” of language because of the nature of investigation that is involved in the study. Over time, language experts have applied scientific methods such as observation of some phenomena/variables in language use, identification of problems, formulation of some testable hypotheses, collection and analyses of data based on
- [Data collection and Analysis in Pragmatics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/data-collection-and-analysis-in-pragmatics/) - In this article, we shall be examining the data collection and analysis procedures, to test to either prove research hypothesis true or fal.
- [Means of Recording Experiment Results](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/means-of-recording-experiment-results/) - During Science classes, students are supposed to carry out a wide variety of experiments. These practical sessions are meant to assist learners to understand the theoretical explanations. It is hence advisable to learn and master the Means of Recording Experiment Results during the practical cessions. It is advisable to take as many values as possible and
- [Introduction to Organization and Management in Education](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-organization-and-management-in-education/) - In this article, we will discuss the meaning of organization and management in education. We will also attempt to look at the different interpretations of the terms ‘management’ and ‘administration, and further examine the nature of behaviour in organizations. There is a multiplicity of interrelated factors which influence the behaviour and performance of people as
- [Social Development and socialization](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/social-development-and-socialization-2/) - Social development is the process through which children learn what behavior is acceptable and expected. A set of standards is imposed on the child at birth that reflects values of the family and the society in which the child lives. Indeed enhancing social intelligence builds a set of skills that may be among the
- [The Nature of Behaviour in Organizations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-nature-of-behaviour-in-organizations/) - Where do you place yourself in the school setting, is your part in the organization a part of management? Why is it necessary to study the people's behaviour in Organizations ? Does the behaviour of members in the organization have an impact on their work performance and their leader or supervisor? Think about all these
- [INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-marketing/) - INTRODUCTION The economic system of any given society is made up of three basic elements. These are production, marketing and consumption. If the given society is a rudimentary or primitive and stagnant one, production and consumption often play prominent roles. Marketing, on the other hand, remains inactive in such a primitive society since production is
- [MARKETING FUNCTIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/marketing-functions/) - Marketing is made up of a number of activities known as marketing functions. Ordinarily, identifying these functions might look simple since it would appear necessary only to itemise the various activities required to move goods and services from producers to consumers. The difficulty of determining exactly where marketing begins and ends however, complicates the task
- [THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MARKETING](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-building-blocks-of-marketing/) - We may view marketing generally as resting on six inter-connected platforms. These are the building blocks of marketing, which are: needs, wants, and demands; products; value and satisfaction: exchange, transactions and relationships; market; marketing and marketers. We shall attempt to run through each of these platforms. NEEDS, WANTS, AND DEMANDS Lets us start by
- [MARKETING AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/marketing-and-demand-management/) - Introduction Marketing management can be defined as the analysis, planning, implementation, and control of programmes designed to create, build, and maintain beneficial exchanges with target buyers for the purpose of achieving organisational objectives. The common impression people often have of the marketing manager is to stimulate demand for the company's products. This is however, a
- [MARKETING MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHIES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/marketing-management-philosophies/) - Marketing management philosophies involves carrying out tasks to achieve desired exchanges with the target market. The question then is, what philosophy do we use to guide these marketing effects?. Again, what weight should we give to the interests of the organisation, customers, and society in this process of trying to achieve the desired exchanges with
- [ANALYSIS OF THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/analysis-of-the-marketing-environment/) - Every move a marketer makes is affected by, and has some effect on his marketing environment. This could happen on a small scale, such as between a manufacturer and a retailer. It could also happen on a larger scale involving entire industries and governments. Very often, changes in the elements within the environment create new
- [The Marketing Forces in a Company](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-marketing-forces/) - A company's marketing system often operates within the framework of marketing forces, which constitutes the system's environment. Such forces are either external or internal to the firm. EXTERNAL FORCES: THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENT The external variables (also known as the marketing environment) general y are not control able by the organisation. Formally stated, a company's marketing
- [THE MARKETING MIX: CONTROLLABLE MARKETING VARIABLES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-marketing-mix-controllable-marketing-variables/) - Definitionally, marketing mix is the mixture of controllable marketing variables that the firm uses to pursue the sought levels of sales in the target market
- [STRATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/strategic-marketing-planning/) - Companies that adopt the marketing concept realize that strategic marketing efforts are more successful when they are carefully planned. Strategic marketing planning is the process of examining a company's market opportunities, allocating resources to capitalize on those opportunities, and predicting market and financial performance that is likely to occur. From this definition, you should understand
- [THE STRATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING PROCESS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-strategic-marketing-planning-process/) - Strategic marketing planning is a five-step process that assesses current performance; establishes specific marketing objectives; determines positioning and differential advantage; selects target markets and measures market demand, and designs a strategic marketing mix. With the plans in place, the marketing programmes are implemented, while the results are monitored. If the Plans work well, the feedback
- [ANNUAL MARKETING PLANNING](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/annual-marketing-planning/) - Apart from the basic strategic planning spanning several years into the future, it is also necessary to develop a more specific, and shorter- term marketing planning. Hence, strategic marketing planning in an organization leads to the preparation of an annual marketing plan. Annual marketing planning is the master blueprint for a year's marketing activity for
- [AN OVERVIEW OF MARKETS AND TARGET MARKET](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/an-overview-of-markets-and-target-market/) - Markets are collections of people or organizations with (a) needs to satisfy (b) money to spend, and (c) the willingness to spend it. You should however understand that, within a total market, there is usually some differences among the buyers. For instance, not all consumers who own cars want to buy Peugeot brands, and not
- [SEGMENTING INDUSTRIAL MARKETS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/segmenting-industrial-markets/) - Industrial markets can be segmented into some variables employed in consumer market segmentation. Such variables include geographic, benefits sought, and usage rate. Apart from these, several other variables can also be employed. For instance, Bonoma and Shapiro (1983) have suggested segmenting the business market with the variables. The demographic variables among others, are the most
- [SEGMENTING THE CONSUMER MARKET](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/segmenting-the-consumer-market/) - There is no single way to segment a consumer market. A marketer has to try different segmentation variables, singly and in combination, hoping to find an insightful way to view the market structure. In this section, we shall examine the major geographic, demographic, psychographic and behaviouristic variables used in segmenting consumer markets. In using these
- [TARGET MARKET STRATEGIES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/target-market-strategies/) - Companies can adopt target market strategies such as aggregation, single-segment concentration, or multiple segments targeting strategies.
- [CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/consumer-buying-behaviour/) - The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy customers' needs and wants. The field of consumer buying behaviour studies how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and desires. Understanding consumer behaviour and "knowing customers" are never simple. Customers may say one thing
- [Social and Group Forces on Consumer Behaviour](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/social-and-group-forces-on-consumer-behaviour/) - The ways in which we think, believe, and act are determined to a great extent by social forces and groups. And our individual buying decisions, including the needs we experience, the alternatives we consider, and the way in which we evaluate them, are affected by the social forces that surround us. Our description begin with
- [Psychological Factors influence on Customer](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/psychological-factors-influence-on-customer/) - One or more motives within a person or their Psychological Factors activate goal-oriented behaviour. One such behaviour is perception, that is, the collection and processing of information. Other important psychological activities that play a role in buying decisions are learning, attitude formation, personality and self-concept. MOTIVATION — THE STARTING POINT To understand why consumers behave
- [Situational Influences on Customer Behaviour](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/situational-influences-on-customers-behaviour/) - Often the situations in which we find ourselves play a large part in determining how we behave. Students, for example, act differently in a classroom than they do when they are in a stadium watching a football game. The same holds true of buying behaviour. Situational influences tend to be less significant when the consumer
- [Customer Relationship Management (CRM)](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/customer-relationship-management-crm/) - Customers are becoming harder to please. They are smarter, more price conscious, more demanding, less forgiving and they are approached by many more competitors with equal or better offers. The challenge according to Jeffrey Gitomer as reported by Keller and Kotler (2006) is not necessary to produce satisfied customers, several competitors can do this. Hence,
- [Factors influencing consumers Behaviour](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/factors-influencing-consumers-behaviour/) - The buying behaviour of ultimate consumers or simply, consumers Behaviour can be examined using a five- part model: the buying-decision process, information, social and group forces, psychological forces and situational factors. The buying decision process is composed of six stages consumers go through in making purchases The stages are needed recognition, choice of involvement level,
- [Forming Good Customer Relationship](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/forming-good-customer-relationship/) - There are mainly three retention building approaches to form a good customer relationship, which we shall be looking at in this article.
- [NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE BUSINESS MARKET](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/nature-and-scope-of-the-business-market/) - The business market consists of all business users, organizations that buy goods and services for one of the following purposes: (i) To make other goods and services. FFF buys wood to make furniture. (ii) To resell to other business users or to consumers. (iii) To conduct the organization's operations. The Obafemi Awolowo University buys office
- [4 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS MARKET DEMAND](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/4-characteristics-of-business-market-demand/) - Four demand characteristics differentiate the business market from the consumer market: (i) Demand is derived, (i ) demand tends to be inelastic, (i i) demand is widely fluctuating, and (iv) the market is well informed DEMAND IS DERIVED The demand for a business product is derived from the demand for the consumer products in which that
- [4 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS MARKET DEMAND](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/4-characteristics-of-business-market-demand-2/) - Four demand characteristics differentiate the business market demand from the consumer market: (i) Demand is derived, (i ) demand tends to be inelastic, (i i) demand is widely fluctuating, and (iv) the market is well informed DEMAND IS DERIVED The demand for a business product is derived from the demand for the consumer products in which
- [The Factors affecting Business Marketing Demand](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-factors-affecting-business-marketing-demand/) - The Factors affecting Business Marketing for business products are: (i) the number of potential business users; (i ) their purchasing power; (iii) buying motives, and (iv) buyer habits. Let us now discuss these factors in turn. NUMBER AND TYPES OF BUSINESS USERS Number of Buyers. The business market contains relatively few buying units compared to the
- [The Concept Business market](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-business-market/) - The business market consists of organizations that buy goods and services to produce other goods and services, to resell to other business users or consumers, or to conduct the organization's operations. It is an extremely large and complex market spanning a wide variety of business users that buy a board array of business goods and
- [Psychoanalytic Theory on Career Choice - 5 Factors](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/psychoanalytic-theory-on-career-choice-5-factors-2/) - The psychoanalytic theory views career choice in terms of the individual and how he/she operates in isolation in the choice of his career. Basically, the system of psychoanalysis involves the mechanism of sublimation which provides an acceptable way for an individual to release portions of his psychic energies that would be unacceptable to society if
- [3 Types of interviews in Research](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/3-types-of-interviews-in-research/) - Interviews in research are data collection instruments involving a face-to-face interaction in which oral questions are posed by an interviewer to draw out responses from the interviewee. An interview of whatever type involves direct personal contact with the participant who is asked to answer questions. Interviews are basically in two types. These are the face-to-face
- [4 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/4-scales-of-measurement-in-quantitative-research/) - The scales of measurement refer to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes for a variable. Scales of Measurement are so important that, first, in the sense that knowing the level of measurement helps you decide how to interpret the data from that variable. When one knows that a measure is
- [RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF MEASUREMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/reliability-and-validity-of-measurement/) - For a statistical measurement to be fully meaningful, they should meet both reliability and validity conditions. Reliability Reliability focuses on the degree to which empirical indicators or measures of theoretical concept are stable or consistent across two or more attempts to measure the theoretical concept, simply stated, reliability of measurement concerns the degree to which
- [IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/importance-of-wildlife-conservation/) - A business as usual approach to GMAs would almost certainly result in perpetuation of the current cycle of declining ecological and economic productivity and waning social benefits. There is a need for change which must include greater government funding for ZAWA (and reduced reliance on GMAs for their income) and models that allow for much greater community ownership of and benefits Wildlife conservation refers to the well-planned practice of ensuring protection for wild animal species, their habitats, and plants.
- [The Humanistic Theory of Learning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-humanistic-theory-of-learning/) - Humanistic theory is a principle based on the appreciation of other human beings, unconditionally, for their self-fulfilment in life.
- [Lab Safety Measures in Sciences](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/lab-safety-measures-in-sciences/) - CARE IN LABORATORIES Laboratories are delicate places. Carelessness can cause serious accidents, that is why the lab safety measures should be observed each time we use the facilities. The two most important words to remember when working in a lab are “Be CAUTIOUS and LABORATORY WORK DONE WITHOUT ENOUGH CARE TURNS TO BE UNWORTHY”. It is important to Safety in the laboratory constitutes a major pillar of a science learning-teaching process to succeed. This is a key to practical science lessons.
- [4 things in Research Topics and title Selection](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/4-things-in-research-topics-and-title-selection/) - Research Topics and title formulation are the landmark or starting point of the research activity and the initial step to the research success. The subject matter one selects is vital in the success of the research report. This is because one’s interest in the topic will uphold the research. It is therefore undoubtedly important to Research Topics and title formulation are the landmark or starting point of the research activity and the initial step to the research success.
- [Sobanukirwa Inkomoko nyirizina y'Iyigamyifatire 2](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/sobanukirwa-inkomoko-nyirizina-yiyigamyifatire-2/) - Aho dusangira ubumenyi ku ngingo zinyuranye, ziganjemo ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’umubiri n’ubwo mu mutwe, Iyigamyifatire, ubuzima busanzwe, ubumenyi ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga. Turi mu rukurikirane rw’ibiganiro rwiswe_ Turusheho gusobanukirwa n’imyifatire yacu ndetse n’iy’abo tubana. Mu kiganiro cy’ubushize twaganiriye ku bushakashatsi bwa mbere, bufitanye isano na psychologiya, bwabaye mugihe cya kera, ubwo abantu bari batangiye kwibaza inkomoko yibitekerezo byabo, tunavuga ku buryo Aho dusangira ubumenyi ku ngingo zinyuranye, ziganjemo ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’umubiri n’ubwo mu mutwe, Iyigamyifatire, ubuzima busanzwe, ubumenyi ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga.
- [STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND EXECUTION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/strategy-implementation-and-execution/) - This article deals with strategy implementation and execution which means that translating a decision into action is essentially an administrative task.
- [Fundamental Approach to Strategic Management](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/fundamental-approach-to-strategic-management/) - The approach to strategic management should be an integrated one. The approach should bring together various aspects of management such as marketing strategy,
- [Shortcomings of BCG portfolio evaluation](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/shortcomings-of-bcg-portfolio-evaluation/) - There are many shortcomings that are associated with BCG portfolio evaluation. These observed weaknesses of BCG created the obvious need for more probing techniques of business strategy evaluation. Other approaches include General Electric Motor (GE) approach and the life cycle matrix approaches, which take care of some of BCG"s weaknesses. The Need for Other
- [Strategy Implementation: ORGANISATION’S RESPONSE, INNOVATION AND POLITICS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/strategy-implementation-organisations-response-innovation-and-politics/) - The strategic manager has as its responsibility the formulation and Strategy Implementation. However, the success of the strategy depends, to a large extent, on the working environment. A flexible, responsive and innovative internal environment is crucial to the job of the strategy manager. This goes along with the quality of the leadership in the organisation. The
- [Management Control System](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/management-control/) - Management Control ensures the human physical and technological resources are allocated and utilised to achieve the overall purpose of the organisation. The feedback control is about monitoring the outputs desired against outputs achieved. There are many ways of management control which include feedback, feedforward, bench-marking and auditing. Most of these are usually employed by progressive organisation.
- [INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/information-technology-management-strategies/) - This article deals with the strategic information system, with a particular attention on information technology management strategies. In recent times, the principles of strategic management are being applied to manage information system delivery. A little aspect of this application system is enumerated in this article. Details of the strategic management information system (SMIS) are not
- [3 Theories of Business Ethics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/theories-of-business-ethics/) - There are three theories of business ethics. There are several theories in Business ethics, but here we shall focus our attention on the major three of them.
- [Fundamental Product Concepts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/fundamental-product-concepts/) - This article introduces you to fundamental product concepts, beginning with a broad definition of "product". After this, we will see how marketers classify the products they deal with and, this is usually a vital step in designing your marketing strategy. The unit also takes you through the elements that make up a product. THE MEANING
- [Top 50 Universities in Africa 2024](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/top-50-universities-in-africa-2024/) - Africa's higher education sector has witnessed significant growth and transformation in recent years. With a focus on research, innovation, and quality education, universities across the continent are making their mark on the global stage. In this post, we present the top 50 universities in Africa for 2024, shedding light on their contributions and potential. Methodology:
- [The 15 Major causes of poor industrial relations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-major-causes-of-poor-industrial-relations/) - The main causes of poor industrial relations resulting in inefficiency and labour unrest is mental laziness on the part of both management and labour.
- [THE THORNDIKE’S THEORY OF CONNECTIONISM](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-thorndikes-theory-of-connectionism/) - In this article, you will read the major three laws propounded by Thorndike on his theory of connectionism. He reveals that the foundation of learning is the association between sense impressions and impulses to action. The implications of the theory are also discussed. According to Thorndike, the fundamental of learning is the association between sense impressions and In this article, you will read the major three laws propounded by Thorndike on his theory of connectionism. He reveals that the foundation of learning is the association between sense impressions and impulses to action.
- [Environmental analysis in Management](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/environmental-analysis-in-management/) - This article on strategic management course exposes you to the business of industry environmental analysis and diagnosis. The business environment comprises both external and internal environments, which are complex and are constantly changing. There are many environmental factors that directly or indirectly impact a particular business. They include factors that are beyond the control of
- [Ethical Issues in Business](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/ethical-issues-in-business/) - Most of ethical issues in businesses are rooted in the fact that political systems, economic development and culture vary significantly from nation to nation
- [The Concept of Theatre for Development (TfD)](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-theatre-for-development-tfd/) - Theatre for Development refers to the theatre for community animation theatre for integrated development, theatre for the marginalised, theatre for rural development and simply popular theatre. It is a form of theatre that combines research, entertainment and education. In 1977, popular theatre workers organized a Latin American Conference on Popular Theatre, which was attended by Theatre for Development refers to the theatre for community animation theatre for integrated development, theatre for the marginalised, theatre for rural development and simply popular theatre.
- [The origin of Theatre for Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-origin-of-theatre-for-development/) - The origin of Theatre for Development can be traced back in the late 1970s as a social movement that disseminated information on issues of development at the grassroots level in the developing world. It was an offshoot of thetravelling theatre movement but nurtured by the adult education movement. Chikwakwa travelling theatre in Zambia and the The origin of Theatre for Development can be traced back in the late 1970s as a social movement that disseminated information on issues of development at the grassroots level in the developing world.
- [Unveiling the Decroly Education Method](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/unveiling-the-decroly-education-method/) - Enter the Decroly Education Method, a progressive approach that goes beyond rote memorization and standardized tests and caters for learners interests.
- [A World Beyond Borders: Embracing Global Connectivity](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/a-world-beyond-borders-embracing-global-connectivity/) - n this blog post, we will delve into the significance of a world beyond borders, exploring its benefits and implications, and how it has the power to shape a more inclusive and tolerant global society.
- [Breaking the Mold: Understanding Characteristics of Bad Governance](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/breaking-the-mold-understanding-characteristics-of-bad-governance/) - Not all forms of governance are created equal. In this post, we shall be discussing the various characteristics of bad governance.
- [Educational Technology: Conceptual Discussion](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/educational-technology-conceptual-discussion/) - In this post, the meaning of ‘Educational Technology’ shall be provided. You will learn some terminologies and concepts used in this field of specialization in course of the discussion.
- [The 4 Types of Evaluation in Education. A Comprehensive Overview](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-4-types-of-evaluation-in-education-a-comprehensive-overview/) - In this post, we'll be delving into the commonly applied types of evaluation in education used in all academic settings, each serving a unique purpose.
- [Professional Photography. 4 Things involved in the Practice](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/professional-photography-4-things-involved-in-the-practice/) - #post_excerptWelcome to our exploration of professional photography. It's not just about clicking a button; it's a harmonious blend of technical mastery and artistic vision.
- [The importance of Using scientific terms in research](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-importance-of-using-scientific-terms-in-research/) - Have you ever wondered why scientific research is filled with complex terms and jargon? Let us explore the importance of these scientific terms, their role in research, and how they contribute to the growth of knowledge.
- [How to start and grow a YouTube channel. The Power of YouTube for Students](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/how-to-start-and-grow-a-youtube-channel-the-power-of-youtube-for-students/) - Hello everyone, and welcome to this special post dedicated to all the students out there who are looking to make their mark on YouTube. In today's digital age, YouTube has become a powerful platform for sharing knowledge, expressing creativity, and even building a career. But how do you get started? That's what we'll be exploring
- [PRINCIPLES OF GOOD INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/principles-of-good-industrial-relations/) - There are a couple of principles of good industrial relations, but all depend on the efficiency of the players in the system.
- [Unlocking the Potential: A Guide to Earning with Indoleads Affiliate Network](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/unlocking-the-potential-a-guide-to-earning-with-indoleads-affiliate-network/) - Looking to earn money through affiliate marketing? Look no further than Indoleads Affiliate Network! In this article, we'll introduce you to the network and show you how to join.
- [WESTERN MISSIONARY EDUCATION IN NORTHERN RHODESIA](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/western-missionary-education-in-northern-rhodesia/) - Western Missionary Education in Northern Rhodesia was highly dominated by the western influence and religious education
- [Divinities in African Traditional Religion](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/divinities-in-african-traditional-religion/) - Divinities are gods who emanated from Supreme Deity. They have attributes of the Supreme Being and are in essence His offspring. These divinities render service to the theocratic government of the world. Categories of the Divinities They can be divided into three categories based on their positions, functions and influence. 1. The Primordial Divinities These Divinities are gods who emanated from Supreme Deity. They have attributes of the Supreme Being and are in essence His offspring.
- [CONVERSATIONAL PRINCIPLE. WHAT IS IT?](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/conversational-principle/) - A speaker and a hearer are guided by some “conversational principles” in order to make the right references and interpret meaning beyond the linguistic content of an utterance.
- [GRICE’S THEORY OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/grices-theory-of-conversational-implicature/) - In this article, we shall be considering some more concepts associated with Grice’s theory of implicature and how they enable us to understand better how speakers and hearers are able to communicate effectively.
- [PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/product-development-objectives/) - It is very important to clearly state the product development objectives in order to provide direction for product development decisions.
- [THE PRODUCT-DEVELOPMENT PROCESS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-product-development-process/) - The specific process used in implementing product-development programs varies among organisations, but there is need to use logical, sequential processes
- [PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/product-classification/) - Several product classification systems have been devised for the efficient marketing of products and services. In the first place, all products and services can be broadly grouped into two major classes on the bases of the types of consumers that use them.
- [Price and Pricing Decisions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/price-and-pricing-decisions/) - Let us cover the role of price and pricing decision in the marketing mix, relative to such factors as product costs, market demand, and competitors’ prices.
- [EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING PRICING DECISIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/external-factors-affecting-pricing-decisions/) - Apart from factors within a company, external factors affecting pricing decisions in a firm also include the nature of the market and demand, competition, and other environmental elements.
- [TIPS ON MARKETING OF SERVICES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/marketing-of-services/) - In this informative article, we will delve into the challenges encountered during the marketing of services. While many of the conventional marketing concepts remain applicable to services, In this informative article, we will delve into the challenges encountered during the marketing of services. While many of the conventional marketing concepts remain applicable to services,
- [What's Sports Marketing?](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/sports-marketing/) - This article introduces you to the concept of sports marketing and the three dimensions of sports marketing. Italso distinguishes sports products from non-sports products and also explains the various benefits derived from sports marketing
- [Direct Democracy and Indirect Democracy](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/direct-democracy-and-indirect-democracy/) - From the point of view of the formation of the government, democracy is of two kinds, namely, Pure or direct democracy and Representative or indirect democracy.
- [SOME DIFFERENT FORMS OF DICTATORSHIP](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/some-different-forms-of-dictatorship/) - Let us now look at the different forms of dictatorship, that are commonly practiced in the governance of various nations.
- [Master Monitoring and Evaluation in 5 Minutes](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/master-monitoring-and-evaluation-in-5-minutes/) - This article is concerned with the basic concepts and nature of monitoring and evaluation. We focus attention on the meaning of monitoring and evaluation. We shall however, also guide you through the nature of evaluation emphasizing the importance as well as the purposes of evaluation. MEANING OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION What is Monitoring? In simple
- [Fundamentals of Online Marketing](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/fundamentals-of-online-marketing/) - Online marketing, also known as internet marketing, web marketing or e­-marketing is the marketing or promotion of products or services using the internet as a medium.
- [What is Guerrilla Marketing and How is it Done?](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/guerrilla-marketing/) - The term Guerrilla marketing is easily traced to guerilla warfare which utilizes unusual tactics to achieve a goal in a competitive and callous environment. The term, “Guerilla marketing” was coined by Jay Conrad Levinson (1983) in his book, “Guerilla Marketing
- [The Concept of Staffing. 3 Things you Should Master](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-staffing/) - The staffing function is one of the main activities of Personnel Psychologists in particular and I/O Psychologists and other trained human resource management experts.
- [Meaning of Industrial and Organizational  Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/meaning-of-industrial-and-organizational-psychology/) - Industrial psychology and organizational psychology are different but interconnected areas, such that they are usually used interchangeably.
- [LEARNING AND TRAINING. DIFFERENCES AND THEORIES](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/learning-and-training/) - Read this article and find out more about the relationships between learning and training in different contexts
- [PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN AN ORGANIZATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/performance-appraisal/) - Since organisations are run by people, the performance of organisations, therefore, is dependent on the sum total of the performance of individual members. According to Peter Drucker, ‘an organisation is like a tune; it is not constituted by individual sounds but by their syntheses. The success of organisations, therefore, depends on the ability to measure
- [ATTITUDE AND WORK IN AN ORGANIZATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/attitude-and-work/) - Since attitude and work are very important parts of life, and since people tend to have different attitudes towards different aspects of work. Most mornings, we leave our homes and go to work in formal organizations Since attitude and work are very important parts of life, and since people tend to have different attitudes towards different aspects of work. Most mornings, we leave our homes and go to work in formal organizations
- [Ergonomics. Concept and Considerations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/ergonomics/) - The goal or ergonomics is efficient and effective man-machine systems that are based on understanding of human factors as important input in machine and equipment designs.
- [SELF-IDENTITY AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/self-identity-and-career-development/) - Career development is situated within organizational environment, where it involves levels of employees who are individually responsible for growth or development of their career.
- [TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/types-and-theories-of-career-2/) - Theories of career abound, shining light on the myriad of vital underlying traits, factors, and needs that are met by a career, not only for the individual but also for policymakers, educators, and society at large.
- [Computer Virus. All you Need to Know](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/computer-virus/) - Computer Virus categories are classified on the basis of their mode of existence and there are three categories of viruses
- [Literature Review in Social Science Research](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/literature-review-in-social-science-research/) - Literature review provides a background for the development of the present study and brings the reader up to date.
- [QUADRANTS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/quadrants/) - Please click to open pdf file: QUADRANTS
- [REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/representation-of-functions/) - Please Click to open the lesson: REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS
- [Educational Psychology. Definition and Nature](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/educational-psychology/) - Educational Psychology is the branch of Psychology that specially explores the understanding of teaching and learning in educational settings. It is the study of how humans learn in educational settings,
- [WHY TEACHERS NEED TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/why-teachers-need-to-understand-human-growth-and-development/) - Read and find out why teachers need to understand human growth and Development in order to succeed in their profession
- [PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/prenatal-development-and-birth/) - We hope this article will enrich you with knowledge that will enable you to understand prenatal development and the factors that influence it as well as the birth process.
- [The Origin of Chikwakwa Theatre](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-origin-of-chikwakwa-theatre/) - The Chikwakwa Theatre came into being in the 1960s gave rise to new theatre groups. The leaders of Chikwakwa Theatre were with a strong feeling and conviction that western theatre in the Zambian society was divided along racial lines and that there would not emerge anything of value If Western theatre remained unchallenged. The origins The Chikwakwa Theatre came into being in the 1960s gave rise to new theatre groups. The leaders of Chikwakwa Theatre were with a strong feeling and conviction that western theatre in the Zambian society
- [BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ADOLESCENCE](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/biological-problems-associated-with-adolescence/) - BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ADOLESCENCE
- [JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/jean-piagets-theory-of-cognitive-development/) - Piaget's theory of cognitive develop is well-known within the fields of psychology and education, but it has also been the subject of considerable criticism.
- [The Concept of Cognitive Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-cognitive-development/) - Psychologists have come up with different approaches to cognitive development. Cognition is the mental activity and behaviour that allows us to understand the world.
- [Structure and Theories of Language Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/structure-and-theories-of-language-development/) - Theories of Language Development are mainly classified into three categories. Those who argue that language has to be attributed to innate factors of the human brain.
- [LEV VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/lev-vygotskys-sociocultural-theory-to-cognitive-development/) - Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development is grounded on three main assumptions, and 4 themes namely social interaction, more knowledgeable Others, Zone of Proximal Development and Language and Thought.
- [Introduction to Instagram Marketing. A Beginner's Guide](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/instagram-marketing-business-mind/) - Unlock the untapped potential of Instagram Marketing with our power-packed video! 🚀 Dive into the world of social media success as we guide you through the key steps to skyrocket your brand's growth.
- [HANS EYSENCK’S 3 TYPES OF PERSONALITY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/hans-eysencks-types-of-personality/) - Hans Eysenck's types of personality gives way to the three dimensions of personality that we shall discuss in this post. Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) was born in Berlin, Germany, and emigrated to England in 1934, after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany.
- [Freud's Personality Structure. 3 Components of Our Mind](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/freuds-personality-structure/) - In an effort to explain the Personality Structure, Freud divided the mind into three Parts, namely the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.
- [LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/lawrence-kohlbergs-moral-development-theory/) - The main difference between Kohlberg's and Piaget’s work is that while Piaget’s work on moral development ended in childhood Kohlberg’s moral development theory extended from childhood right through to adolescence and adulthood.
- [Piaget's Theory of Moral Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/piagets-theory-of-moral-development/) - The Moral Development or development of morality is the process whereby children learn to consciously distinguish right from wrong. During early childhood, a sense of morality is born when children realise that certain behavioural patterns are regarded as good and sometimes rewarded by parents.
- [CAROL GILLIGAN’S “DIFFERENT VOICE” AND THE MORALITY OF CARING](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/carol-gilligans-different-voice-and-the-morality-of-caring/) - Carol Gilligan’s 1982 book “In a Different Voice” is now a classic in psychological literature. In it Gilligan challenged psychology for its narrow sexism in studying (in most cases) men and then generalising their results to both genders.
- [Parenting Styles and socio-moral Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/parenting-styles-and-socio-moral-development/) - Different parents employ different parenting styles and techniques. The techniques parents choose, depend on cultural and community standards, the situation, and the children’s behaviour at the time.
- [BLOOM’S TYPES OF LEARNING](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/blooms-types-of-learning/) - Benjamin Bloom (1956) developed three different levels of classifying learning outcomes or objectives. These are also known as Bloom's Types of Learning and include cognitive, affective and psycho-motor domains
- [Incentive Function theory of motivation by Hull](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/incentive-function-theory-of-motivation-by-hull-2/) - The drive-reduction theory of motivation emphasizes the internal states of the organism; however, the Incentive Function theory stresses the role of the environment in motivating behaviour.
- [ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY OR NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/achievement-motivation-theory-need-for-achievement/) - David McClelland advanced an achievement motivation theory which argues that some people are motivated by the "need for achievement" (n-ach).
- [THE LOCUS OF CONTROL](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-locus-of-control/) - The concept of locus of control was formulated in 1954 by the psychologist Julian Rotter. The word "locus" is a Latin word meaning ("place" or "location") thus locus of control can be simplified as “place of control".
- [Here are the 6 Theories of Forgetfulness](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/theories-of-forgetfulness/) - The theories of forgetfulness, explain different ways in which concepts are understood. It is in this logic that even the theories of forgetting were viewed divergently by various scholars.
- [THE CONCEPT OF MEMORY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-memory/) - Memory can be defined as the process by which people encode, store and retrieve information. There are three stages in information processing; (encoding, storing and retrieval represents the process) somewhat operating like the way the computer operates.
- [The 4 Pillars of Food Security](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-4-pillars-of-food-security/) - This article specifies and discusses the four pillars which determine food security status or levels. The article defines the availability of food, accessibility to food, affordability of food and the utilisation of food as the four pillars of food security. We finally explain how each of these pillars influences food security. The four Pillars Food security is achieved in four ways which are referred The article defines the availability of food, accessibility to food, affordability of food and the utilisation of food as the four pillars of food security.
- [DEFINITION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/definition-of-growth-and-development/) - Growth and Development, also known as Developmental Psychology is a branch of Psychology that studies age dynamics of the human psyche. It includes child Psychology, teenage psychology, adult psychology, and old age psychology.
- [7 Reasons Why Relaxation After Work Is The Best Practice For You](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/7-reasons-why-relaxation-after-work-is-the-best-practice-for-you/) - You may be wondering why relaxation is the best practice after work, or if you need to relax at all. The answer is that we all need to relax! This article will outline 7 reasons why you should make relaxation after work a part of your daily routine.
- [CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE. 2 Major Types](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/classification-of-intelligence/) - There are several modes of classification of intelligence. However, in a general perspective, intelligencecan be classified as either fluid intelligence or crystallised intelligence.
- [6 FACTORS AFFECTING INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/6-factors-affecting-intelligence-development/) - There are a number of factors affecting intelligence development in so many ways. In this article we shall focus attention on the six common ones that exert the most impact on our intelligence.
- [2 Techniques of Measuring Intelligence](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence/) - The idea of measuring intelligence began in 1904 in France, when the psychologist Alfred Binet was commissioned by the French government to find a method that would assist to differentiate between children who were ‘intellectually normal’ and those who were ‘inferior’ (slow learners).
- [Educational assessment. 2 Facts to Master](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/educational-assessment-2-facts-to-master/) - Educational assessment is defined as the process by which the quality of an individual's work or performance is judged. In Zambian Schools, assessment of learning is usually carried out by teachers
- [EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/educational-measurement-and-evaluation/) - The terms educational measurement and evaluation represent concepts that are often used by educational workers while studying children and also while studying individual differences involving academic achievement and aptitude
- [NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/new-product-development/) - Newer products show up in the market to serve the consumer better than the dead one. These new products would also suffer the same fate as the previous ones, and another cycle begins.
- [Terms associated with statistics](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/terms-associated-with-statistics/) - Let us discuss the different Terms associated with statistics applied in various types of research
- [Sampling and Sampling Techniques](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/sampling-and-sampling-techniques/) - Sampling is a statistical method of obtaining representative data or information from a population. Sampling is used when a census, collecting data from every unit or person in a population
- [ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE, LEADERSHIP AND REWARDS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/organisational-culture-leadership-and-rewards/) - This article addresses the relationship between an organisational culture, leadership and rewards. The article highlights how an organisation's strategy supportive culture can enhance high performance. It is also important to create a spirit of high performance in the organisation and to link rewards to the level of performance. Adequate policies are to be put in
- [Descriptive Statistics Applied in Educational Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/descriptive-statistics/) - The three most important descriptive statistics applied in educational Psychology are Measures of central tendency, Measures of variability and Correlation coefficient
- [The Role of The Educational psychologist in the community](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/effect-of-educational-psychology-on-the-community/) - The role of the educational psychologist is varied in regard the activities engaged in, the focus of work and the populations being worked with/alongside.
- [Strategy Evaluation. 4 Excellent techniques to consider](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/strategy-evaluation/) - This article deals essentially with strategy evaluation. The need for evaluation of strategies being adopted is properly set out. Evaluation is necessary especially for corrective adjustment. A good strategy may also need improvement since no condition or situation is permanent. There are many approaches to strategy evaluation as will be seen in this article. Reasons
- [Business Strategy Formulation. The 5 Levels](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/strategy-formulation/) - This article deals with strategy formulation, particularly, the essential elements that are involved in the formulation of strategy. It discusses how strategy formulation gives the direction that the organisation wants to go. The different levels of strategy formulation are enumerated. The article ends by giving vivid information on the background of strategy formulation in business
- [Introduction to Strategic Choice](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-strategic-choice/) - This article deals with strategic choice. This implies that there are many alternating or array of strategies from which the organisation can chose based on the outcome of the organisation's environmental analysis. In making strategic choice, the manager must take cognizance of certain factors like structure and the culture of the organisation. Strategic choice basically comprises
- [Elements of SWOT analysis](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/elements-of-swot-analysis/) - This article is about SWOT analysis, which has to do with the analysis or evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses; opportunities and threats (SWOT) to an organisation. The strengths and weaknesses deal with the internal circumstances of an organisation while the opportunities and the threats deal with the external environment of the organisation. Strategies need to
- [Business Strategic Planning Process](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/business-strategic-planning/) - This article talks about Business strategic planning in an organisation. This was devised by corporate leaders to implement strategies
- [6 Types of Strategies in Business Management](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/types-of-strategies-in-business-management/) - This article talks about the different types of strategy in business management that are in use in various organisations for different organisational challenges and to address specific issues.
- [Business Marketing Demand. The 4 Main Factors](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/business-marketing-demand-the-4-main-factors/) - The factors affecting Marketing Demand or the market for business products are: (i) the number of potential business users; (i ) their purchasing power; (iii) buying motives, and (iv) buyer habits.
- [The Thoroughness and Conscientiousness personality](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-thoroughness-and-conscientiousness-personality/) - #post_excerptThe thoroughness and Conscientiousness personality is a motivational story adopted from Mastery of Destiny, narrated in this video:
- [Metaphysics: The nature of reality and existence](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/metaphysics-the-nature-of-reality-and-existence/) - The term ‘metaphysics’ is derived from two Greek words ‘meta’ (after) or (beyond) and ‘physics’ (physics) literally it means ‘after or beyond physics’.
- [Divine Timing Manifestation. What is it About?](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/divine-timing-manifestation-what-is-it-about/) - Divine Design or Divine Timing Manifestation is a motivational story adopted from Perfect Self Expression or The Divine Design motivational Story as narrated in this video
- [THE THORNDIKE’S THEORY OF CONNECTIONISM. 3 Main Laws](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-thorndikes-theory-of-connectionism-2/) - The Thorndike's Theory reveals that the foundation of learning is the association between sense impressions and impulses to action.
- [Where Does Religion Come From? 8 Theories](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/where-does-religion-come-from-8-theories/) - To answer the question Where Does Religion Come From, let us start by understanding what the religion is. The word religion comes from a Latin word Religio which means fear in the presence of something spiritual
- [15 CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR SUCCESSFUL WORKING DEMOCRACY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/conditions-necessary-for-successful-working-democracy/) - This article presents the main conditions which should be in place for successful working democracy in any democratic nation.
- [Concept of Democracy](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/concept-of-democracy/) - Democracy can then be literally translated by the following terms: Government of the People or Government of the Majority.
- [Here are Some 13 Merits of Democracy](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/here-are-some-13-merits-of-democracy/) - Democracy is the best form of government. Here are some of the Merits of Democracy that apply to the majority of the democratic institutions.
- [TYPES AND THEORIES OF CAREER](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/types-and-theories-of-career/) - Theories of career are many and assist in the excavation of crucial underlining traits, factors and needs that are fulfilled by career both for the individual
- [CONCEPT OF DICTATORSHIP](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/dictatorship/) - Dictatorship may be defined as that form of government in which the supreme power is exercised by one person in an autocratic manner.
- [The significance of industrial relations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-significance-of-industrial-relations/) - #post_excerptThe significance of industrial relations is in the fact that their quality increase the efficiency and hence prosperity and other benefits to the organization.
- [The Food Security Information](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-food-security-information/) - Data Collection and Dissemination The Central Statistical Office and the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives play a critical role in the collection, processing and dissemination of early warning information for food security, Methods for Collection of Food Security information Food security information is mostly generated from primary sources through field surveys. Surveys are carried using Food security information is mostly generated from primary sources through field surveys. Surveys are carried using objective and scientific methods of statistical sampling with CSO playing the leading role.
- [CONFLICT AND NEGOTIATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/conflict-and-negotiation/) - Conflict is endemic in organisational life because of the complications of diversity, culture, ideology, individual and group differences
- [Psychoanalytic Theory on Career Choice - 5 Factors](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/psychoanalytic-theory-on-career-choice-5-factors/) - The psychoanalytic theory views career choice in terms of the individual and how he/she operates in isolation in the choice of his career. Basically, the system of psychoanalysis involves the mechanism of sublimation which provides an acceptable way for an individual to release portions of his psychic energies that would be unacceptable to society if The psychoanalytic theory views career choice in terms of the individual and how he/she operates in isolation in the choice of his career.
- [Meaning of Dreams you must know before you sleep](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/meaning-of-dreams-you-must-know-before-you-sleep/) - When they were recalled after awakening the dreams were regarded as either the friendly or hostile manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and Divine. With the rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was transferred to psychology; to-day there is but a small minority among educated persons who doubt that the dream Dreams are provoked and initiated by stimuli from the senses or the body, which reach the sleeper from their internal organs
- [The 5 interesting facts about imagination](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-5-interesting-facts-about-imagination/) - THE imagination belongs to the general class of mental processes called the representative faculties, by which is meant the processes
- [Structural features of developing countries](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/structural-features-of-developing-countries/) - Itis important to mention from the start that developing countries are characterized by a number and varied features. Moreover, we should remind that developing countries are homogenous and as such do not exhibit similar features in their totality. However, what we intend to do in this unit is to focus on a number of features Here are Some characteristics of developing countries that contribute to the low levels of labour productivity and poor economic performance
- [4 things about Context of Industrial Relations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/4-things-about-context-of-industrial-relations/) - There are 2 main dimensions in the Context of Industrial Relations, namely internal and external context. The Industrial Relations are conducted within the...
- [Weak institutional Structures in Developing Countries](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/weak-institutional-structures-in-developing-countries/) - Many economists have recently argued that it is weak institutional structures that are the fundamental causes of underdevelopment.
- [Exports Dominated by Primary Commodities](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/exports-dominated-by-primary-commodities/) - A fourth distinguish characteristics of developing countries is that their trade tends to be dominated by the export of primary commodities and the import of manufactured goods. This has consequences for the terms of trade of developing countries, the distribution of the giants from trade between developed and developing countries, and the balance of payments A fourth distinguish characteristics of developing countries is that their trade tends to be dominated by the export of primary commodities.
- [3 Actors in the Industrial Relations System](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/3-actors-in-the-industrial-relations-system/) - There are generally three main actors in the industrial relations,which are directly involved, namely, employees, employer and government or society: 1. Employers: Employers possess certain rights vis-à-vis labors. They have the right to hire and fire them. Management can also affect workers’ interests by exercising their right to relocate, close or merge the factory or to introduce technological There are generally three main actors in the industrial relations,which are directly involved, namely, employees, employer and government or society
- [Other 2 Dimensions of the Development Gap](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/other-2-dimensions-of-the-development-gap/) - Deprivation in developing countries is not simply a matter of low levels of per capita income. There are many other dimensions to the development gap between rich and poor countries. Developing countries generally experience much higher levels of unemployment, open and disguised than do developed countries. The levels of education, health and nutrition are often abysmally There are many other dimensions to the development gap between rich and poor countries. Developing countries generally experience much higher levels of unemployment
- [5 Common Facts in Science Education](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/5-common-facts-in-science-education/) - Science education is a way of leading out (from educere, meaning, to lead out) the learner into inquiry (quaere, which means ‘to seek’) of knowledge that is constantly changing. It is in the way of teaching and learning science where the teacher and the pupils interact, dialogue, and in the process unfold the phenomena from the pupil’s starting Science education is a way of leading out (from educere, meaning, to lead out) the learner into inquiry (quaere, meaning ‘to seek’) of knowledge that is constantly changing.
- [Neo-Marxism Theories of Underdevelopment and Dependency](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/neo-marxism-theories-of-underdevelopment-and-dependency/) - Neo-Marxism theories of underdevelopment and development appeared during the 1950s, partly as a reaction against the growth and modernization theories, partly as the outcome of a long-standing debate concerning the impact of imperialism. The early Neo-Marxist theories were primary known as dependency theories., They were to a large extent influenced by the Latin American structuralists Neo-Marxism theories of underdevelopment and development appeared during the 1950s, partly as a reaction against the growth and modernization theories
- [INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-industrial-relations/) - Industrial relations define relationships between employers and employees toward each other in terms of supervision, direction, planning and coordination of organizational activities, with minimal human effort and functions; all this is done with an enthusiastic spirit taking into consideration the safety of all employees. Industrial relations may also be defined as relations between employees and Industrial relations define relationships between employers and employees toward each other in terms of supervision, direction, planning and coordination
- [Outdoor Activities for Science Education](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/outdoor-activities-for-science-education/) - Excursions or outdoor activities in teaching subjects such as science, should be an important part of the learning experience.
- [Love story | Motivational Video](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/love-story-motivational-video/) - Follow this love story, and how it comes to play in the game of life in this motivational story about love. This is a love story meant for debating on real love, what it is and how it is manifest
- [40 Top Universities in the World, Africa, Zambia, EAC,Rwanda](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/40-top-universities-in-the-world-africa-zambia-eacrwanda/) - You want to study in one of the top Universities Worldwide in Africa or regionally? Here is a guide, in this article. With the help of different world ranking,
- [6 NOTE TAKING SYSTEMS YOU SHOULD MASTER](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/note-taking/) - Note taking systems are part of the practice of writing pieces of information, often in an informal or unstructured manner.
- [The Growth Pole Theory](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-growth-pole-theory/) - Growth pole is the concentration of technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in associated businesses and industries. These concentrations of industries often affect the economies of geographical areas outside their immediate regions. A third, but less known model of growth was worked out in the 1950s by the Frenchman, Fancois Perroux. Perroux divided industry as a Growth pole is the concentration of technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in associated businesses and industries.
- [5 Scientific Process Skills for any students](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/5-scientific-process-skills-for-any-students/) - In primary science teaching, emphasis is placed on the development of scientific process skills in pupils. It is important for you to understand that science is a body of knowledge developed through the scientific method. The scientific method involves problem solving using scientific process skills. It must be emphasised here that as a teacher you need to have the necessary skills In primary science teaching, emphasis is placed on the development of scientific process skills in pupils.
- [Patterns of Development and Obstacles to Growth](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/patterns-of-development-and-obstacles-to-growth/) - Among the economists who further developed the theoretical inheritance from Lewis, Rostov, and others, but in the context of more structuralist approaches, Hollis Chenery and Moshe Syrquin require special attention. In addition, two Danish economists may be mentioned: Karsten Laursen and Martin Paldam. We shall look a little close at selected aspects of their analyses This is a debate on the basic structure of the development process and on the most important sources of and obstacles to growth within development
- [SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES, CONTENT AND PROCESS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/scientific-attitudes-content-and-process/) - In the study of science, you cannot separate Scientific attitudes, content and process because they depend on each other in finding out and acquiring scientific knowledge. These aspects of science are very important to anyone who wants to study science. SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES TO LEARNING SCIENCE Science is characterised by certain attitudes such as accepting of Science is characterized by certain attitudes such as accepting of all knowledge as tentative,etc., known as scientific attitudes.
- [Modernisation and Stages of Growth](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/modernisation-and-stages-of-growth/) - Each of the above-mentioned theories came to influence subsequent theory formation and the international debates on development problems, but not to the same extent, or with the same intensity, as two additional contributions from the early period: those of W. Arthur Lewis, born in the British West Indies, and the American, W.W. Rostow. These two Lewis and Rostow both focused on rising per capita income as the central measure of growth; they conceived of economic development as a modernisation
- [Nature and Concept of Science](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/nature-and-concept-of-science/) - Science comes from a Latin word Scientia which means knowledge or any systematic way of recording knowledge. Scientia is derived from scire, meaning, to know
- [Unbalanced Growth and income Distribution](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/unbalanced-growth-and-income-distribution/) - The idea that the growth process could be initiated with balanced capital investments in several sectors at the same time was strongly criticized by, among others, Alert Hirschman (Hirschman 1958). He claimed that, on the contrary, there was a need to maintain and accentuate imbalances and disequilibria is backward economies, because there were other barriers Hirschman stressed his point by saying that if a country were ready to apply the doctrine of unbalanced growth, then it would not be underdeveloped.
- [Unequal Exchange Theories](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/unequal-exchange-theories/) - Arghiri Emmanuel's theory of unequal exchange, dating from the late 1960s, was in certain respects in extension of Prebisch's and Singer's analyses of the deteriorating terms of trade for the less developed countries, although Emmanuel himself claimed that his mode of reasoning was different. Emmanuel tried to explain the deteriorating term of trade with reference Arghiri Emmanuel's theory of unequal exchange, was somehow an analysis of the deteriorating terms of trade for the less developed countries.
- [The Capitalist World System by Wallerstein](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-capitalist-world-system-by-wallerstein/) - The discussions within the Neo-Marxist research tradition have, since the 1950s, centred around the causes of underdevelopment in the Third World. Some of the theorists have identified these causes primarily within the framework of the individual society, while others have emphasized the external links and dependency relationships. In connection with this problematique, researchers have taken the capitalist mode of production has only permeated the centre economies and their international relations with the periphery.
- [5 Facts in  Teaching Science in Primary Schools](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/5-facts-in-teaching-science-in-primary-schools/) - Teaching science in primary , although it does obviously include content, is equally about establishing attitudes and working practices.
- [Elimination of Dependency by Warren](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/elimination-of-dependency-by-warren/) - Warren argued that in the long run the capitalist mode would lead to elimination of dependency or to a development out of dependency. Warren argued that in the long run the capitalist mode would lead to elimination of dependency or to a development out of dependency.
- [The Human Liver Structure and functions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-human-liver-structure-and-functions/) - The Human liver is an abdominal glandular organ in the digestive system. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, under the diaphragm The Human liver is an abdominal glandular organ in the digestive system. It is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, under the diaphragm
- [Human Brain Structure and Functions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/human-brain-structure-and-functions/) - The Human brain, a jelly-like substance, is the most important body part and is located in the head, right under the skull.
- [Causes of Underdevelopment according to Baran](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/causes-of-underdevelopment-according-to-baran/) - Baran conceptuaized the causes of underdevelopment in much the same way as his contemporary non-Marxist economists.
- [Dependency Development by Cordoso, Senghass and Menzel](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/dependency-development-by-cordoso-senghass-and-menzel/) - Dependency development is an area of dependency theory which analyses the export of primary resources from resource-rich but industry-poor countries
- [Introduction to Strategic Management](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/introduction-to-strategic-management/) - Strategic management provides better guidelines to the entire organisation on the crucial point of “what is it we are trying to do and to achieve”? It makes managers more alert to the winds of change, new opportunities and threatening developments. It also provides managers with a rationale for evaluating competing budget requests for investment capital and new staff. Strategic management provides better guidelines to the entire organisation on the crucial point of “what is it we are trying to do and to achieve”?
- [ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/organisational-change-and-development/) - INTRODUCTION According to Pattanayak (2012), change is inevitable for every organisation to be healthy and productive while organisational development as a generic term embraces a wide range of intervention strategies in both structural and social processes of an organisation. Organisational development programmes are packaged to drive organisational change agenda. The changes, however, are aimed at the individual, Organisational change is a radical transformation in the functioning of organisational processes. It involves reshaping the organisation’s structure, culture, processes and other design elements
- [Child psychology Development in 5 Steps](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/child-psychology-development-in-5-steps/) - Child psychology's Past John B. Watson and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are typically cited as providing the foundations for the modern development of child psychology. In the mid-18th century, Jean Jacques Rousseau described three stages of development: infants (infancy), puer (childhood) and adolescence in Emile: Or, On Education. Rousseau's ideas were taken up strongly by educators at the time. It generally focuses on how and Child psychology, also called child development, is the study of the psychological processes of children and, specifically, how these processes differ from those of adults
- [5 TIPS TO FOOD SECURITY INTERVENTIONS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/5-tips-to-food-security-interventions/) - Addressing food insecurity requires the designing and implementation of interventions which are appropriate to particular causes of food insecurity. There is need to adopt Several food security interventions, in order to address food insecurity in a holistic manner. Transitory Food Insecurity Transitory food insecurity is a temporary phenomenon caused by short term shocks. This is There is need to adopt Several food security interventions, in order to address food insecurity in a holistic manner.
- [VULNERABILITY AND FOOD SECURITY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/vulnerability-and-food-security/) - The FBS which is explained in our last post shows how government can trace and have some idea of food stocks in the country. The FBS does not provide a complete picture on the food situation and so government turns to other sources of data. Now we shall introduce you to the concept of vulnerability Vulnerability assessment is very important in profiling households. It allows us to separate households between those that are secure and those that are food insecure.
- [Gender and Food Security](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/gender-and-food-security/) - Gender is a very important element in analysis if one takes into account its role. In this post we discuss the importance of taking gender into account when designing and implementing food security interventions. We also explain that addressing gender based constraints to attainment of food security will make women contribute effectively to both household Gender is a very important element in analysis if one takes into account its role. In this post we discuss the importance of taking gender into account when designing and implementing food security interventions.
- [6 Tips to Business communication skills to never forget](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/6-tips-to-business-communication-skills-to-never-forget/) - Why Communication in Business? Communication is an essential aspect of business life. Every day, business persons have to communicate with people at different levels of the organisation or with people external to the organisation. And in this globalised environment they also have to communicate with people from different countries, with different cultural backgrounds. Poor or Business communication examines verbal, nonverbal and written communication in the world of business. Through numerous examples of effective speaking, writing, negotiating and interviewing is explored
- [THE FOOD BALANCE SHEET (FBS)](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-food-balance-sheet-fbs/) - The food balance sheet is basically a 'mathematical spread sheet' presentation of aggregate food requirements netted against available food stocks with the resultant balance either being a surplus or a deficit. It is used by countries world-wide and was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The food balance sheet is time bound, for The food balance sheet is basically a 'mathematical spread sheet' presentation of aggregate food requirements netted against available food stocks with the resultant balance either being a surplus or a deficit.
- [3 Things about the Centre of Mass](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/3-things-about-the-centre-of-mass/) - The centre of mass or mass centre is the mean location of all the mass in a system. In the case of a rigid body, the position of the centre of mass is fixed in relation to the body. In the case of a loose distribution of masses in free space, such as shot from a shotgun or the planets of the solar system, the position of the centre The centre of mass or mass centre is the mean location of all the mass in a system. In the case of a rigid body, the position of the centre of mass is fixed in relation to the body.
- [Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/social-learning-theory-of-albert-bandura/) - Albert Bandura is noted as one of the exponents of theory of social learning and observational learning. Social learning theory explains human behaviour from the point of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY As stated above, observational learning is a type of learning which occurs Social learning theory explains human behaviour from the point of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences.
- [Theory of Operant Conditioning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/theory-of-operant-conditioning/) - Operant conditioning theory of learning was formulated by B.F. Skinner. Who was an American Psychologist. His theory came based on the lapses discovered in the classical conditioning theory. Skinner believed that classical conditioning explained only how behaviour that has already been acquired can occur in the presence of a new stimulus. Operant or instrumental conditioning, Operant conditioning theory of learning was formulated by B.F. Skinner. Who was an American Psychologist. His theory came based on the lapses discovered in the classical conditioning theory.
- [Classical Conditioning Theory of Learning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/classical-conditioning-theory-of-learning/) - Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), was a renowned Russian Psychologist. He propounded the theory of classical conditioning in learning. Classical conditioning theory explains how an organism’s behaviour becomes paired with some stimuli/factors in the environment. This theory, sometimes referred to as “stimulus-substitution”, represents a condition where through contiguity and repetition in a presentation of a stimulus, a Classical conditioning theory explains how an organism’s behaviour becomes paired with some stimuli/factors in the environment.
- [13 Main Branches of Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/13-main-branches-of-psychology/) - Introduction Psychology is regarded as a science which studies human and animal behaviour. There are many branches of psychology helping to study different characteristics an organism can exhibit at a particular time or situation. Psychology attempts to study the people in relation to areas like social, education, physiological, genetics, environment and industrial settings. Branches of There are many branches of psychology helping to study different characteristics an organism can exhibit at a particular time or situation.
- [The Concept of Educational Psychology](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-educational-psychology/) - The relevance of Educational Psychology in the classroom can not be over-emphasized. This is because a teacher who has skills and knowledge in psychology will be able to manage his/her classroom effectively. Besides, knowledge of psychology is a sine-quo-non to successful teaching-learning activities. What Is Educational Psychology Educational Psychology is an integral part of psychology Educational Psychology is an integral part of psychology which seeks to find how positive relationship/interaction can be established between the teacher, students and the learning process.
- [THE CONCEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-concept-of-psychology/) - Introduction Psychology as a branch of knowledge is devoted to the study of behaviour of human beings and animals. To this end, the relevance of psychology cannot be doubted, more importantly that the well trained teachers will need it to understand the behaviour of his/her students in relation to the learning process. Ability to understand Psychology as a branch of knowledge is devoted to the study of behaviour of human beings and animals. To this end, the relevance of psychology cannot be doubted
- [The major Actors of Conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-major-actors-of-conflicts/) - The previous articles in the Social Development series demonstrated how each of the actors (policymakers, the media, the public and the academia) has a mutual influence on each of the other actors when it comes to agenda-setting on foreign conflict. Once a conflict is 'chosen' as being important and requiring attention and resources, other actors of Once a conflict is 'chosen' as being important and requiring attention and resources, other actors jump on in a sort of 'bandwagon' effect, so that soon all of the actors of conflicts are talking about it.
- [Decision-making by the public in case of conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/decision-making-by-the-public-in-case-of-conflicts/) - The decision-making (or perhaps more appropriately: awareness-making) process of the public is quite varied, given the many types of actors within what we refer to as the public. This topic will examine the internal dynamics and the external influences on the public agendas, focusing on the general public, interest groups, corporations and NGOs. Internal Dynamics The decision-making (or perhaps more appropriately: awareness-making) process of the public is quite varied, given the many types of actors within what we refer to as the public.
- [Corporations Response to  the conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/corporations-response-to-the-conflicts/) - Introduction In many ways, it can be said that the Corporations Response to the conflicts in Africa has been much significant. This is not necessarily, however, a positive statement. The exploitation of extractable natural resources on the African continent has made the continuation of many African conflicts possible. Weapons are sometimes exchanged directly for resources such In many ways, it can be said that the Corporations Response to the conflicts in Africa has been much significant. This is not necessarily, however, a positive statement.
- [GENERAL PUBLIC RESPONSE TO CONFLICT](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/general-public-response-to-conflict/) - The general public are able to response to conflict by speaking about it with the people around them, petitioning their government, or taking to the streets to demand that attention be given to a conflict. They may also donate money to humanitarian aid appeals. The Role of NGOs Those who feel even more strongly may even The general public are able to response to conflict by speaking about it with the people around them, petitioning their government,
- [The academia Response to Conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-academia-response-to-conflicts/) - The agendas and priorities of the academia in their response to conflict can be seen through the development and application of theory, through academic materials such as journals and books, and through history and the teaching of history. In this topic we will see how the handling of conflicts in academia is also Western-centric, and that consequently, The agendas and priorities of the academia in their response to conflict can be seen through the development and application of theory, through academic materials such as journals and books,
- [Interest Groups Response to the Conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/interest-groups-response-to-the-conflicts/) - Groups with special interests in specific regions or issues, depending on their unity and financial strength are able to exert considerable influence on policymakers. They tend to draw their strength from the diasporas, or from those sharing religious beliefs. Do such interest groups exist for Africa in Western countries, and if they do, how responsive Do such interest groups exist for Africa in Western countries, and if they do, how responsive are they concerning conflict on the continent?
- [The Role of Media in Reporting conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-role-of-media-in-reporting-conflicts/) - We have seen in the previous articles that, like policymakers outside the continent, the role of media in reporting conflicts in Africa hasn't been considerably significant. This seems to apply to even to certain media corporations within Africa. This topic aims to investigate why this is the case. Media agenda-setting is determined, to a certain We have seen in the previous articles that, like policymakers outside the continent, the role of media in reporting conflicts in Africa hasn't been considerably significant.
- [AFRICAN CONFLICTS NOT 'CHOSEN' FOR COVERAGE](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/african-conflicts-not-chosen-for-coverage/) - As seen in the previous articles, the domination in the news of certain conflicts means that there is precious little time or space for the remaining 20 or 30 conflicts; going on throughout the world. If it is indeed a trend that the conflicts that are chosen are those that involve Western powers directly or are close to their Coverage of African conflicts appeared to end there, with very low levels of coverage of conflicts in the DRC, Angola, Sierra Leone and Ethiopia-Eritrea.
- [The Media as actor in conflicts resolution](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-media-as-actor-in-conflicts-resolution/) - INTRODUCTION The media is an actor that 'speaks' rather than 'acts'. Its primary role in conflicts resolution is to discover and report on conflicts, informing other actors of their existence and keeping them updated with how the conflict is unfolding as well as how others are responding to it. It may adopt a 'watchdog' approach, The media is an actor that 'speaks' rather than 'acts'. Its primary role in conflicts resolution is to discover and report on conflicts, i
- [RESPONSE TO CONFLICT BY POLICYMAKERS](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/response-to-conflict-by-policymakers/) - In this article, we will see that, on the whole, conflict in Africa has marginalised by outside policymakers when compared to other conflicts in the world. Measures may be taken in response to conflict, but they almost invariably fall terribly short in terms of the scale (particularly in comparison with the needs) and the timeliness. n this article, we will see that, on the whole, conflict in Africa has marginalised by outside policymakers when compared to other conflicts in the world.
- [Decision-making in Conflicts resolution](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/decision-making-in-conflicts-resolution/) - We have seen in the previous topic trends suggesting that policymakers outside the continent attach a low priority to conflicts in Africa on the whole. This topic aims to investigate why. The decisions of policy makers are formed, to a certain extent, according to internal dynamics, but they are also subject to influences from other At the level of international organisations, we can focus on the decision-making within the UN Security Council and also on the agencies involved in providing humanitarian aid.
- [Measures against conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/measures-against-conflicts/) - We have seen the actors and some of the ways they influence each other in setting their agendas. But regardless of what these actors consider as important, the question remains, what measures against conflicts can different actors actually take in foreign nations, and often quite distant conflict zones? The answer depends on the options available what measures against conflicts can different actors actually take in foreign nations, and often quite distant conflict zones?
- [The agenda-setting Process against conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-agenda-setting-process-against-conflicts/) - Agenda-setting refers to the process by which certain influential groups in society decide which issues are important to them and that they feel need to be dealt with. 'Actors' (an entity which plays an identifiable role in society) in society have 'agendas' (a set of prioritized issues for discussion or action), and agenda-setting is the Agenda-setting refers to the process by which certain influential groups in society decide which issues are important to them and that they feel need to be dealt with.
- [OUTSIDE PERSPECTIVES ON CONFLICT IN AFRICA](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/outside-perspectives-on-conflict-in-africa/) - This article will provide you with a somewhat generalised overview of how the conflict in Africa is seen by those outside. It will focus mainly on the Western perspective, given the fact that it is the Western world that is most in a position to do something about the conflict in Africa. A more detailed This article will provide you with a somewhat generalised overview of how the conflict in Africa is seen by those outside.
- [Global Conflict Trends and the Nature of Conflicts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/global-conflict-trends-and-the-nature-of-conflicts/) - Conflicts can be defined as a form of disagreement or antagonism between two or more parts, which may be individuals, societies, communities or nations. Differences in political structures and in the levels of power and access to technology, together with the ability to project that power and technology, has resulted, however, in some striking differences. Conflicts can be defined as a form of disagreement or antagonism between two or more parts, which may be individuals, societies, communities or nations.
- [Magic and Medicine in African Tradition](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/magic-and-medicine-in-african-tradition/) - Definition Magic is a ritual activity which influences human or natural events through access to an external mystical force. Thus, magic influence people and events. It involved the manipulation of certain objects to cause a supernatural being to produce or prevent a particular result unobtainable ordinarily. Man bends the forces of nature of his will through his Magic is a ritual activity which influences human or natural events through access to an external mystical force. Thus, magic influence people and events.
- [Witchcraft and Sorcery in African Tradition](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/witchcraft-and-sorcery-in-african-tradition/) - Witchcraft To most Africans, witchcraft is an ugly reality. Witches are believed to be people with inherent power. Although some witches acquired these powers to protect their areas, it is mostly believed that the powers are evil, anti-social are not primarily used to harm people. A witch is called Umuloshi, Mulozi, Muloi, Mfiti and Mulozhi To most Africans, witchcraft is an ugly reality. Witches are believed to be people with inherent power. Although some witches acquired these powers to protect their areas
- [Causes and effects of evil in African Traditional Belief](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/causes-and-effects-of-evil-in-african-traditional-belief/) - Arising from the corporate nature of Zambian communities that were held together by a web of kinship relationships and other social structures, almost every form of evil that a person suffered was believed to be caused by members of his/her community. There is no event without a spiritual/metaphysical cause; hence people looked beyond physical events almost every form of evil that a person suffered was believed to be caused by members of his/her community. There is no event without a spiritual cause
- [Rites of Passage of Life in African Traditions](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/rites-of-passage-of-life-in-african-traditions/) - There are many stages that a man has to pass in life. The rituals associated with each one of them are called rites of passage. These are periods when people are metaphysically and sociologically made new beings with new social roles: children become adults, men and women are made husbands and wives and the deceased There are many stages that a man has to pass in life. The rituals associated with each one of them are called rites of passage.
- [African Traditional Religion - 5 Facts](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/african-traditional-religion-5-facts/) - This article introduces you to what African Traditional Religion is all about, its beliefs, rituals and practices. Religion is found in every human society. It is a sacred institution that educates persons on his/her beliefs and practices in relation to the divine being. The Traditional Religion in Africa is regarded as the cohesive factor in This article introduces you to what African Traditional Religion is all about, its beliefs, rituals and practices. Religion is found in every human society.
- [Sikhism from India. All you need to know](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/sikhism-from-india-all-you-need-to-know/) - Exploration of this article will help you to know the nature of Sikhism. You will be exposed to monotheistic concept of God and the circle of life in Sikhism. The article examines the duties of a Sikh and vices in this religion. Sikhism was founded in the 16th century in the Punjab district of what is now Exploration of this article will help you to know the nature of Sikhism. You will be exposed to monotheistic concept of God and the circle of life in Sikhism.
- [Taoism from China](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/taoism-from-china/) - This article will avail you with important explanations on the nature of Taoism. It elucidates the concept of The Tao and the meaning of immortality in Taoism. We shall help you to make the distinction between knowledge and relativity. The Nature of Taoism Taoism is an ancient tradition of philosophy and religious belief that is deeply rooted This article will avail you with important explanations on the nature of Taoism. It elucidates the concept of The Tao and the meaning of immortality in Taoism.
- [The Zoroastrianism from Iran | All you Must-know](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-zoroastrianism-from-iran-all-you-must-know/) - This article explains the nature of Zoroastrianism, The concept of Dualism such as good and evil. This is recognised in cosmic dualism (opposing forces within the universe) and moral dualism (opposing forces within the mind). The article introduces you to the attributes of God, good and evil as well as Zoroaster’s vision. The Nature of Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism This article explains the nature of Zoroastrianism, The concept of Dualism such as good and evil. This is recognised in cosmic dualism
- [Acting Warm ups in the 3 Phases](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/acting-warm-ups-in-the-3-phases/) - Introduction In development, work there is a need to relax the human mind while dealing with issues of development otherwise the processes, the activities which would become boring and just too grave. Among activities interspaced in group, events are warm ups or ice breakers. They are warm ups because they relax the body and mind Among activities interspaced in group, events are warm ups or ice breakers. They are warm ups because they relax the body and mind while participants acting in group events.
- [Shinto Religion from Japan: All you need to know](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/shinto-religion-from-japan-all-you-need-to-know/) - Introduction This article attempts to explain important concepts in this religion such as the nature of Shinto, the concept of Kami, the worships and sacrifices in Shinto Religion. It also brings out the notions of purity and the causes of impurity, visible and invisible worlds. You will understand through this article, the beliefs, rituals and This article attempts to explain important concepts in this religion such as the nature of Shinto, the concept of Kami, the worships and sacrifices in Shinto Religion.
- [The Research Process in Theatre For Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-research-process-in-theatre-for-development/) - Introduction The term process carries the meaning of a series of actions, tasks or steps that are taken to achieve something. In theatre for development that something is increasing participation of the people that animateurs work with so that they can make a change in their lives. The change that takes place in the lives of the The process of TfD involves to varying degrees, seven steps. Though they look like steps following a straight line, they are interlinked back to information gathering.
- [Artistic Code Creation](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/artistic-code-creation/) - Introduction You have collected and analyzed a lot of information. You have acquired some of the knowledge and skills that researchers use to discover causes of things. Many things do not just happen but are caused. You will now use the information for code creation. By codes is meant: symbols, letters, system of words used Many things do not just happen but are caused. You will now use the information for code creation. By codes is meant: symbols, letters, system of words used for
- [Qualitative research (QR) in Theatre for Development](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/qualitative-research-qr-in-theatre-for-development/) - Qualitative research has many branches. The reason for the so many branches that make up qualitative research is that researchers have different ways of capturing the complexity of human behaviour and depth of perception of phenomena. There are also reasons which are conditioned by the theory of knowledge that the researchers have that seem to Qualitative research has many branches. The reason for the so many branches that make up qualitative research is that researchers have different ways of capturing the complexity of human behaviour
- [The origin of popular theatre in Botswana](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-origin-of-popular-theatre-in-botswana/) - Popular theatre began in Botswana in 1974 with a programme that was called 'Laedza Batanani'. The idea came from Ross Kidd, an expatriate adult educator working for the University in the northern part of the country (the Bokalaka). The origins are described by him in the first publication on popular theatre in Botswana. Laedza Batanani Popular theatre began in Botswana in 1974 with a programme that was called 'Laedza Batanani'. The idea came from Ross Kidd,
- [Collective Bargaining process in Industrial Relations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/collective-bargaining-process-in-industrial-relations/) - In the unionized organization, the collective bargaining process can be thought of as a complex flow of events that occur in the determination of wages and fringe benefits and other working conditions.
- [Role of Trade Unions in Industrial Relations](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/role-of-trade-unions-in-industrial-relations/) - The trade unions have a crucial role to play in maintaining smooth industrial relations. It is true that the unions have to protect and safeguard the interests of the workers through collective bargaining. Responsibilities of Trade Unions in maintaining industrial relations But at the same time, they have equal responsibility to see that the organizations do The trade unions have a crucial role to play in maintaining smooth industrial relations. It is true that the unions have to protect and safeguard the interests of the workers through collective bargaining.
- [2 ELEMENTS IN THE  CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/2-elements-in-the-concept-of-motivation/) - Motivation is one of the techniques that a teacher should implore in order to enhance the process of learning. It is a very important aspect of learning.
- [7 APPLICATIONS OF MOTIVATION TO CLASSROOM SITUATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/7-applications-of-motivation-to-classroom-situation/) - Learners have different personalities as such they react differently to different types of motivation. Therefore, teachers should bear in mind that no rigid motivational procedures suit all situations or problems. The following are some of the applications of motivation to classroom situations. Active participation of learners Learners are highly motivated when they are actively involved This post presents some of the applications of motivation to classroom situations. These can be helpful to teachers, parents and students.
- [MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY OF MOTIVATION](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory-of-motivation/) - Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory provides both a theory of human motives by classifying basic human needs in a hierarchy and a theory of human motivation that
- [Academic Influence on Conflicts Reporting](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/academic-influence-on-conflicts-reporting/) - Introduction Academia also has the power to influence the media, in terms of conflicts reporting, in a number of ways (although its power is generally weaker than the other major actors). When reporting on conflicts, journalists usually have little background knowledge on the conflict, its causes and its participants. They thus often turn to academics, Academia also has the power to influence the media, in terms of conflicts reporting, in a number of ways, although its power is weaker than other major actors
- [4 Major Approaches of Motivation for Teachers](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/4-major-approaches-of-motivation-for-teachers/) - There are four major approaches of motivation that are used in the learning and teaching environment. These are: 1. The Behavioural Approach (Incentive Approach). This approach requires one to use external rewards and punishment in order to shape and control behaviour of learners. Teachers are encouraged to use incentives such as praise, addressing learners even by There are four major approaches of motivation that are commonly used in the learning and teaching environment.
- [The Gestalt Theory of Learning](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/the-gestalt-theory-of-learning/) - Cognitive Field or Gestalt theory was formulated by a group of German Psychologists. The theory emphasizes insightful learning rather than mechanical conditioning. It is believed that meaningful learning can only take place through a sequence of problem-solving approach. In this article, you will learn how learning takes place through the application of logical principles and Cognitive Field or Gestalt theory was formulated by a group of German Psychologists. The theory emphasizes insightful learning rather than mechanical conditioning.
- [8 Key Modern Western Education Pioneers](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/8-key-modern-western-education-pioneers/) - Modern Western Education was dominated by educational philosophers and psychologists whose ideas are biased toward the active and learner-centred methodology.
- [Organisational development (OD) and Change](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/organisational-development-od-and-change/) - INTRODUCTION Change is inevitable for every organisation to be healthy and productive while organisational development as a generic term embraces a wide range of intervention strategies in both structural and social processes of an organisation. Organisational development programmes are packaged to drive organisational change agenda. The changes, however, are aimed at the individual, group and total organisational Change is inevitable for every organisation to be healthy and productive while organisational development as a generic term embraces a wide range of intervention strategies in both structural and social processes of an organisation.
- [Social Development and socialization](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/social-development-and-socialization/) - Social development is the process through which children learn what behavior is acceptable and expected. A set of standards is imposed on the child at birth that reflects values of the family and the society in which the child lives. Indeed enhancing social intelligence builds a set of skills that may be among the most Social development is the process through which children learn what behavior is acceptable and expected. A set of standards is imposed on the child at birth that reflects values of the family and the society in which the child lives.
- [Metropoles and Satellites According to  Baran](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/metropoles-and-satellites-according-to-baran/) - Introduction Andrea Gunder Frank, like Baran, was interested in identifying the causes of underdevelopment, but unlike his predecessor he did not lay great emphasis on the social classes and their control over the economic surplus. Rather, Frank argued that the crucial mechanism for extraction of the surplus was trade and other kinds of exchange of The exchange relations and the network were described by Frank as a pyramidal structure with metropoles and satellites.
- [5 Pros and Cons of Online Learning you gotta know](https://support.centreforelites.com/en/5-pros-and-cons-of-online-learning-you-gotta-know/) - Online Learning (OL) can be helpful, exciting but, at the same time intimidating. The pros and cons of online learning are numerous in other words. It is helpful because it gives you opportunities to take a leading role into your own studies. However, it is also exciting because you've got to receive the materials for Online Learning (OL) can be helpful, exciting but, at the same time intimidating. The pros and cons of online learning are numerous in other words.

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