{"id":1114,"date":"2022-04-06T10:14:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-06T08:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/speech-acts-in-english\/"},"modified":"2024-03-14T22:10:09","modified_gmt":"2024-03-14T20:10:09","slug":"speech-acts-in-english","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/speech-acts-in-english\/","title":{"rendered":"Speech Acts in English"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;<span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">You will recall that we identified the role of the context in determining the meaning of indexical references such as <\/span><i style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">here, there<\/i><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"> or <\/span><i style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">now.<\/i><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"> If I say to you: \u201cthe work must be finished <\/span><i style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">now\u201d<\/i><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"> and someone else tells you \u201cyouths are far more responsible <\/span><i style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">now<\/i><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"> than ever\u201d and your father tells you \u201cI\u2019m here <\/span><i style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">now\u201d<\/i><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"> you are able to differentiate between the various indexical <\/span><i style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">now<\/i><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"> depending on the context in which each occurs.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">The last expression for example may be interpreted as a reassurance than mere announcing your father\u2019s presence at that particular time or even a warning. Speech acts show the force that utterances have for counting as actions rather than mere giving of information. In this article we shall examine in fair detail how words or utterances perform actions such as promising, commanding, warning etc.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d92f8851b86\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d92f8851b86\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/speech-acts-in-english\/#Doing_things_with_Words\" >Doing things with Words<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/speech-acts-in-english\/#Indirect_Speech_Act\" >Indirect Speech Act<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/speech-acts-in-english\/#Searles_Speech_Acts\" >Searle\u2019s Speech Acts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/speech-acts-in-english\/#CONCLUSION\" >CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Doing_things_with_Words\"><\/span><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Doing things with Words<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"_Toc46930131\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">John Austin (1962, also Searle, 1969) recognised that language is a tool for performing actions. Therefore the \u201cmeaning\u201d we associate with an utterance is the user\u2019s intention, and not the meaning of words in the utterance. If we study a user\u2019s intention, we are studying what s\/he does with words, either in speech or writing. Austin postulates that when an individual makes an utterance, s\/he performs some \u201cspeech acts\u201d such as requesting, questioning, pronouncing, informing etc. This implies that rather than talk of linguistic <i>forms<\/i> of the utterance, we talk of the <i>functions<\/i> of these forms. For exmple:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 72.0pt;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Form<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Function<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(i) May I use your pen for a moment?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">R<i>equest<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Interrogative<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(ii) Did you attend the lecture?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Question<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Interrogative<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(iii) Leave the room!<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Command<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Imperative<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(iv) I lost the opportunity <i>Information<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11.0pt; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Declarative<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: EN-GB;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Forms such as \u201cDid you attend the lecture?\u201d \u201cAre you coming to my party\u201d \u201cCan you play the piano?\u201d used as questions are described as <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">direct speech acts.<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"> Now compare direct speech acts with the following forms:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark686\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Can you play the piano?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark687\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Can you spare your piano?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The form in (vi) is not likely to be treated as a question just like the form in (i). Rather than being viewed as a question about the person\u2019s ability to spare his piano, you will treat it as a request although it is presented in form of a question. This is described <i>as indirect speech act<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">We realise that we indeed do things with words when we talk. We often say:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark688\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">\u201cI\u2019m here now\u201d to <i>comfort<\/i> someone or <i>reassure<\/i> them<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark689\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">\u201cI\u2019ve come again\u201d to <i>apologise<\/i> for troubling someone<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark690\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">\u201cDon\u2019t forget me\u201d to <i>remind<\/i> someone that he hasn\u2019t done your job or<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark691\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(vi)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">\u201cYou met me well\u201d to <i>invite someone to eat<\/i> with you<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">All the above examples show that there is a difference between the literal meaning of what is said and what acts the utterances actually performed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indirect_Speech_Act\"><\/span><b><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Indirect Speech Act<\/span><\/b><a name=\"_Toc46930132\"><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">As we said above, indirect speech act is when a statement is used to perform an action such as request, permission, or apology other than its direct implication. A question like \u201cdo you have some money there?\u201d from a friend alighting from a taxi certainly means a request for some money. \u201cYou packed the car on the road\u201d could mean \u201cgo and remove the car\u201d or \u201cthe door is open\u201d may be a request (indirectly) asking someone to shut the door.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">What do you think of a situation where someone fails to understand another person\u2019s indirect speech act? If someone comes to you and asks you: \u201cplease do you know the way to the post office?\u201d If you simply say <i>yes<\/i> and go away, of course the person will definitely get embarrassed because you have failed to interpret his\/her indirect speech of asking you to direct him\/her to the post office. S\/he may even take it that you understood but deliberately didn\u2019t want to help him\/her.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><b><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Take the statement in (x) above again for example. It says:&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">\u201cYou met me well.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark702\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(a)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">First, this statement conveys a proposition that the speaker is met in good condition of health and both the speaker and hearer are well. In this case, the statement as a sentence is conveying something true and meaningful.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark703\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">If this sentence is taken as an utterance, it has a force, which is counted as an invitation to eat. Used in this way, it doesn\u2019t matter if the sentence is true or false; rather the utterance represents the intention of the speaker to invite.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark704\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The utterance will have some effects or consequences, especially what the invitee considers the utterance to mean for him. Normally in the Zambian context, the invitee will consider the utterance not just as an invitation to eat but also a form of a welcome, comradeship and acceptance, even if he doesn\u2019t join in the meal. In most cases the invitee doesn\u2019t eat but the speaker is well disposed to having him at table.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Austin (1962) explains that when an individual makes a sentence with a certain meaning using the grammar, phonology and semantics of the language. S\/he performs the <i>locutionary act.<\/i> Therefore (a) above is locutionary act because it makes a determinate \u201csense.\u201d The <i>Illocutionary act<\/i> is the intention of an utterance to constitute either an act of promise, command, invitation, agreement, greeting, pronouncement etc. (b) above is the illocutionary act (i.e. to invite). If the utterance achieves certain response or effect, like embarrassment, fear, confusion, enjoyment, acceptance etc., it is called the <i>Perlocutionary act.<\/i>Therefore (c) above is the perlocutionary act.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">The illocutionary act is where speakers or writers actually \u201cdo things with words\u201d. According to Austin, illocutionary act is performed by \u201cperformative sentences\u201d, because, by virtue of its structure, a performative sentence has a \u201cconversational force\u201d like the force of pronouncing a man and a woman husband and wife or sentencing a defendant in court.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Searles_Speech_Acts\"><\/span><b><span style=\"color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Searle\u2019s Speech Acts<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"_Toc46930134\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Searle (1969) gives the condition for performing speech acts. The \u201cfelicity conditions\u201d must be met in order to make a promise for instance. The conditions are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark709\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->i.<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">the utterance refers to some future act of the speaker<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark710\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->ii.<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">the speaker would not normally be carrying it out<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark711\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->iii.<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">the speaker recognizes he has taken on a responsibility<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">These \u201cconditions\u201d are to determine when the performance of speech act may be appropriate or inappropriate.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Searle (1976) further gives 5 types of <i>acts<\/i> that are performed in speaking. They are:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark712\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Representative Act &#8211;<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"> describing events, process, states; also assertions, claims, reports, suggestion etc. A newspaper report such as \u201cthe plane crashed at Lisa in Ogun state in the early hours of yesterday\u201d will be considered as performing a representative act.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark713\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Declarative Act<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">&#8211; pronouncing, sentencing, christening, e.g. <i>I christen you John.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark714\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Directive Acts<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">&#8211; commanding, requesting, pleading, inviting, e.g. <i>Leave this room immediately!<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark715\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Expressive Acts<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">&#8211; greeting, scolding, condoling, appreciating, congratulating, apologizing, e.g. <i>I wish a merry Christmas<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><a name=\"bookmark716\"><\/a><!-- [if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><!--[endif]--><i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Commissive Acts<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">&#8211; betting, challenging, promising, threatening, offering, vowing, warning e.g. <i>I promise to provide you with adequate social amenities<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">We can see clearly that these acts coincide with Austin\u2019s illocutionary act &#8211; the act that expresses the speaker\u2019s intention.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Cook (1989) argues that the above acts must be performed by someone who has the necessary authority to do so. For instance a declarative act of pronouncing a man and a woman husband and wife must be spoken (not written) by a clergyman, while sentencing a man to imprisonment should be at the end of a court proceeding by a judge.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">CONCLUSION<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;\">Although Austin\u2019s and Searle\u2019s speech acts have generated lots of reactions and criticism, we may not deny that their contribution has been a significant effort in the explanation of how language works in the context of users and situations. Indirect speech act for instance, shows the various ways speakers communicate their intentions in speech without being too direct or offensive. It also shows creative use of language by interactants to achieve some specific goals. This is captured in illocutionary speech acts.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;You will recall that we identified the role of the context in determining the meaning of indexical references such as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2336,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":144,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,145],"tags":[287],"class_list":["post-1114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-language","category-pragmatics","tag-speech-acts"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/pexels-photo-2608517.jpeg?fit=1880%2C1253&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1113,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/speech-events-in-english-language\/","url_meta":{"origin":1114,"position":0},"title":"Speech events in English Language","author":"centreforelites","date":"6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0A speech event is what is going on, including both linguistic and non-linguistic activity that make up the context. Every speech event makes some demands on the participants as to the appropriate contribution required of them. Take for example a dialogue below: A:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Let me see your card B:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 It\u2019s\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1106,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/the-relationship-between-pragmatics-and-sociolinguistics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1114,"position":1},"title":"The relationship between Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics","author":"centreforelites","date":"6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of language in relation to society while pragmatics is concerned with the study of language use in relation to the social context. \u00a0Sociolinguistics cuts across many levels of linguistics and due to the many areas of common interests that the two disciplines share, it\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The relationship between Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-Sociolinguistics.png?fit=850%2C257&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1104,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/introduction-to-pragmatic-research-methods\/","url_meta":{"origin":1114,"position":2},"title":"Introduction to Pragmatic Research Methods","author":"centreforelites","date":"6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0INTRODUCTION Linguistics is often defined as a \u201cscientific study\u201d of language because of the nature of investigation that is involved in the study. Over time, language experts have applied scientific methods such as observation of some phenomena\/variables in language use, identification of problems, formulation of some testable hypotheses, collection and\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Introduction to Pragmatic Research Methods","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aesanetwork.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Res-onion-page0001-990x700.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aesanetwork.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Res-onion-page0001-990x700.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aesanetwork.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Res-onion-page0001-990x700.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.aesanetwork.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Res-onion-page0001-990x700.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1112,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/utterance-acts-and-austins-theory-of-pragmatics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1114,"position":3},"title":"Utterance Acts and Austin&#8217;s Theory of Pragmatics","author":"centreforelites","date":"6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0This article explore the Utterance Acts and Austin's Theory of Pragmatics. Austin (1962) postulates that when an individual makes an utterance, he performs\u00a0 (i) the Utterance Acts or locutionary act, which is the act that utters a sentence with a certain meaning using the grammar, phonology and semantics of the\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1107,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/the-relationship-between-pragmatics-and-core-linguistics\/","url_meta":{"origin":1114,"position":4},"title":"The relationship between Pragmatics and core Linguistics","author":"centreforelites","date":"6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Linguistics is formally defined as the scientific study of language and its subfields, i.e. phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics are often referred to as \u2018core linguistics.\u2019 Already we have endeavoured to explain the\u00a0interaction of pragmatics with these subfields by pointing out the mediatory roles pragmatics plays in providing answers associated\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"The relationship between Pragmatics and core Linguistics","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/The-relationship-between-Pragmatics-and-core-Linguistics1.jpg?fit=1200%2C848&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1109,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/pragmatics-and-discourse-structure\/","url_meta":{"origin":1114,"position":5},"title":"Pragmatics and Discourse Structure Relationships","author":"centreforelites","date":"6 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0In this article we shall be examining the relationships between Pragmatics and Discourse Structure or some other ways speakers and writers encode meaning using some grammatical elements in discourse. Discourse (as we shall see in detail later), is the actual use of language in specific situations or what you may\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;English Language&quot;","block_context":{"text":"English Language","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/english-language\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"PRAGMATICS AND DISCOURSE STRUCTURE","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PRAGMATICS-AND-DISCOURSE-STRUCTURE.jpg?fit=765%2C441&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1114"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2337,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1114\/revisions\/2337"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1114"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}