{"id":920,"date":"2022-11-05T11:12:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-05T09:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures\/"},"modified":"2024-04-02T22:22:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T20:22:26","slug":"types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures\/","title":{"rendered":"TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Operant Conditioning Procedures | Psychology of Learning\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uNpLaLX1y9k?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;\">Five <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/educational-implications-of-the-operant-conditioning-theory\/\">Operant conditioning<\/a> procedures are defined by the presentation or removal of a reinforcement or punishment. In this scenario, the term positive is used to imply addition, and negative to denote subtraction of an<a href=\"https:\/\/kanyarwandamugisha.blogspot.com\/2022\/11\/incentive-function-theory-of-motivation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> incentive<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Figure-6.1-4th-ed..jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Figure-6.1-4th-ed..jpg?ssl=1\" alt=\"TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES\" title=\"The 5 OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;\">The procedures are:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Positive reinforcement (Reinforcement<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">): this occurs when a behaviour (response) of the subject is followed by a stimulus that is rewarding and this increases the frequency of that behaviour. Positive reinforcement usually is favourable events given to the subject after portraying a desirable behaviour. In an experiment involving a rat for instance, a stimulus such as food or a sugar solution could be delivered when a rat engages in a target behaviour, such as pressing a lever. Other than food, other forms of positive reinforcement may include praise, rewards, smile and so on. Positive reinforcement essentially targets to increase the likelihood of certain behaviours.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Negative reinforcement:<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> A negative reinforcer is any stimulus the removal or withdrawal of which increases the likelihood of a particular behaviour. Electric shock, loud noise and so on, are said to be negative reinforcers. Negative reinforcement occurs when a behaviour is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, thereby increasing that behaviour\u2019s frequency. This kind of negative reinforcement is called <b><i>escape<\/i><\/b>. A similar procedure called <b><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/psychology\/avoidance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">avoidance<\/a><\/i><\/b> occurs when the desired behaviour allows the organism to totally avoid shock, like in the case of exposure to electric shock.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Negative reinforcers typically are characterized by the removal of an undesired or unpleasant outcome after the desired behaviour. A response is strengthened as something considered negative is removed. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat&#8217;s cage until it engages in the target behaviour, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">As noted from the foregoing, reinforcement is a central concept in Behaviourism, and was seen as a central mechanism in the shaping and control of behaviour. A common misconception however, arises that negative reinforcement is synonymous with punishment.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This misconception is rather pervasive. To be clear, while positive reinforcement is the strengthening of behaviour by the application of some event (e.g., praise after some behaviour is performed), negative reinforcement is the strengthening of behaviour by the removal or avoidance of some aversive event (e.g., opening and raising an umbrella over your head on a rainy day is reinforced by the cessation of rain falling on you).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The key aspect to note in reinforcement is that both types of reinforcement strengthen behaviour, or increase the probability of a behaviour reoccurring; the difference is in whether the reinforcing event is something applied (positive reinforcement) or something removed or avoided (negative reinforcement).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8d2dfd2dd4\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d8d2dfd2dd4\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures\/#Types_of_reinforcement\" >Types of reinforcement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures\/#Schedules_of_reinforcement\" >Schedules of reinforcement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures\/#1_Positive_punishment_Punishment\" >1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Positive punishment (Punishment)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/types-of-operant-conditioning-procedures\/#2_Negative_punishment_Penalty\" >2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Negative punishment (Penalty)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_reinforcement\"><\/span>Types of reinforcement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">As noted from the foregoing, reinforcement is a central concept in Behaviourism, and was seen as a central mechanism in the shaping and control of behaviour. A common misconception however, arises that negative reinforcement is synonymous with punishment. This misconception is rather pervasive. To be clear, while positive reinforcement is the strengthening of behaviour by the application of some event (e.g., praise after some behaviour is performed), negative reinforcement is the strengthening of behaviour by the removal or avoidance of some aversive event (e.g., opening and raising an umbrella over your head on a rainy day is reinforced by the cessation of rain falling on you).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The key aspect to note in reinforcement is that both types of reinforcement strengthen behaviour, or increase the probability of a behaviour reoccurring; the difference is in whether the reinforcing event is something applied (positive reinforcement) or something removed or avoided (negative reinforcement).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Schedules_of_reinforcement\"><\/span>Schedules of reinforcement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Part of Skinner&#8217;s analysis of behaviour involved not only the power of a single instance of reinforcement, but the effects of particular schedules of reinforcement over time. Munsaka (2011:11) and Karen, (1975) both identify two main categories of schedules of reinforcement being continuous and intermittent reinforcements. These are described in depth below.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/C7mmuxYX0AAHclX.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/C7mmuxYX0AAHclX.jpg?ssl=1\" alt=\"TYPES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURES - Schedules of reinforcement\" title=\"Schedules of reinforcement\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Continuous reinforcement refers to constant delivery of reinforcement for an action; every time a specific action was performed the subject instantly and always received reinforcement. This method is impractical to use, and the reinforced behaviour is prone to extinction.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Under intermittent reinforcement, we have interval and ratio schedules.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(i)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Interval Schedules are based on the time intervals between reinforcements. Interval schedules are further sub divided into:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Fixed Interval Schedule (FI): Here incentives are based on the principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Variable Interval Schedule (VI): An <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/educational-implications-of-the-operant-conditioning-theory\/\">operant conditioning<\/a> principle in which behaviour is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Both FI and VI tend to produce slow, methodical responding because the reinforcements follow a time scale that is independent of how many responses occur.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(ii)<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Ratio Schedules:<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> An <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/educational-implications-of-the-operant-conditioning-theory\/\">operant conditioning<\/a> principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Variable Ratio Schedule (VR):<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"> An <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/educational-implications-of-the-operant-conditioning-theory\/\">operant conditioning<\/a> principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses (ex. slot machines).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">VR produce slightly higher rates of responding than FR because an organism doesn\u2019t know when next reinforcement is. The higher the ratio, the higher the response rate tends to be.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Positive_punishment_Punishment\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">1.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Positive punishment (Punishment)<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Simply put, punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. Weber (1991:72) noted that, \u201cpunishment is any operation that decreases the rate of response. For example, when a rat presses the lever, shock is presented.\u201d This action will automatically lead to a decrease in lever pressing, as such, punishment would have occurred. Positive punishment is sometimes referred to as punishment by application. When shock or other unpleasant means are instituted to decrease behaviour, the consequence is referred to as positive punishment. This involves the presentation of an unfavourable event in order to weaken the response that follows. Positive punishment is sometimes a confusing term, as it denotes the &#8220;addition&#8221; of a stimulus or increase in the intensity of a stimulus that is aversive (such as spanking or an electric shock).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Negative_punishment_Penalty\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">2.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Negative punishment (Penalty)<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This kind of punishment is associated with the removal of a stimulus, such as taking away a child&#8217;s toy or withdrawing a privilege following an undesired behaviour. This results in a reduction of unwanted behaviour. This procedure is considered negative because something is removed or taken away from the child (in the case of a human subject).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">3.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Extinction:<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Occurs when, a behaviour (response) that had previously been reinforced is no longer effective. For example, a rat is first given food many times for lever presses. Then, in &#8220;extinction&#8221;, no food is given. Typically, the rat continues to press more and more slowly and eventually stops, at which time lever pressing is said to be &#8220;extinguished.&#8221; Extinction may mean the loss of an acquired response or the failure to make a learned response. Usually, extinction is brought about when following a period of reinforcement for responding, reinforcement is no longer offered. We can thus conclude that the goal of extinction is to curtail or completely eradicate a certain response action by stopping the provision of a stimulus. This in due course eliminates certain behaviour.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">As noted from the above descriptions on punishment and extinction, these two have the effect of weakening behaviour, or decreasing the future probability of a behaviour\u2019s occurrence, by the application of an aversive stimulus\/event (positive punishment or punishment by contingent stimulation), removal of a desirable stimulus (negative punishment or punishment by contingent withdrawal), or the absence of a rewarding stimulus, which causes the behaviour to stop (extinction).<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">The aim of punishment and extinction is to weaken the incidences of a particular behaving reoccurring stimulus\/event (positive punishment or punishment by contingent stimulation), removal of a desirable stimulus (negative punishment or punishment by contingent withdrawal), or the absence of a rewarding stimulus, which causes the behaviour to stop (extinction). The aim of punishment and extinction is to weaken the incidences of a particular behaving reoccurring.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Please visit and subscribe to our <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/from-passion-to-presence-a-step-by-step-guide-to-youtube-channel-creation\/\">YouTube Channel<\/a>:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DecrolyEducationCentre?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Decroly Education Centre (youtube.com)<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/Centre4Elites?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Centre for Elites \u2013 YouTube<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Five Operant conditioning procedures are defined by the presentation or removal of a reinforcement or punishment. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":986,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":107,"footnotes":""},"categories":[107,108],"tags":[71,345],"class_list":["post-920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educational-psychology","category-theories-of-learning","tag-educational-psychology","tag-learning-theories"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Figure-6.1-4th-ed..jpg?fit=764%2C512&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":764,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/theory-of-operant-conditioning\/","url_meta":{"origin":920,"position":0},"title":"Theory of Operant Conditioning","author":"centreforelites","date":"18 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Operant conditioning theory of learning was formulated by B.F. Skinner. Who was an American Psychologist. His theory came based on the lapses discovered in the classical conditioning theory. Skinner believed that classical conditioning explained only how behaviour that has already been acquired can occur in the presence of a new\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Blog&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Blog","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/blog\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Theory of Instrumental or Operant Conditioning","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theory-of-Instrumental-or-Operant-Conditioning.png?fit=640%2C369&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theory-of-Instrumental-or-Operant-Conditioning.png?fit=640%2C369&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theory-of-Instrumental-or-Operant-Conditioning.png?fit=640%2C369&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1135,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/theory-of-instrumental-or-operant-conditioning\/","url_meta":{"origin":920,"position":1},"title":"Theory of Instrumental or Operant Conditioning","author":"centreforelites","date":"20 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0Instrumental conditioning theory of learning was formulated by B.F. Skinner. Who was an American Psychologist. His theory came based on the lapses discovered in the classical conditioning theory. Skinner believed that classical conditioning explained only how behaviour that has already been acquired can occur in the presence of a new\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Educational Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Educational Psychology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/educational-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Instrumental Conditioning theory experiment","src":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjf8sbtt1KKS6njQHxTYw5zZk0di5kf3HSKoHsIafI8cK9MKizYG5ZkB7zam-Qxh4XDaOWYexAyIKZcFWOW-oEeETisjgwwLnm71vJ0i7fLNZZQEsDOyVyd-6U2OrHGT6OgZbOKChhBjlyrAhkdFcpbXL3qpkxZo9nra2PrkxfDhqGVpjCIOBE5Xkzo=w640-h370","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjf8sbtt1KKS6njQHxTYw5zZk0di5kf3HSKoHsIafI8cK9MKizYG5ZkB7zam-Qxh4XDaOWYexAyIKZcFWOW-oEeETisjgwwLnm71vJ0i7fLNZZQEsDOyVyd-6U2OrHGT6OgZbOKChhBjlyrAhkdFcpbXL3qpkxZo9nra2PrkxfDhqGVpjCIOBE5Xkzo=w640-h370 1x, https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/a\/AVvXsEjf8sbtt1KKS6njQHxTYw5zZk0di5kf3HSKoHsIafI8cK9MKizYG5ZkB7zam-Qxh4XDaOWYexAyIKZcFWOW-oEeETisjgwwLnm71vJ0i7fLNZZQEsDOyVyd-6U2OrHGT6OgZbOKChhBjlyrAhkdFcpbXL3qpkxZo9nra2PrkxfDhqGVpjCIOBE5Xkzo=w640-h370 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":921,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/educational-implications-of-the-operant-conditioning-theory\/","url_meta":{"origin":920,"position":2},"title":"EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY","author":"centreforelites","date":"5 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Read through this article and learn more about some educational implications of the operant conditioning theory","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Educational Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Educational Psychology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/educational-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Theory of Instrumental or Operant Conditioning","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theory-of-Instrumental-or-Operant-Conditioning.png?fit=640%2C369&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theory-of-Instrumental-or-Operant-Conditioning.png?fit=640%2C369&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Theory-of-Instrumental-or-Operant-Conditioning.png?fit=640%2C369&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":961,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/gagnes-hierarchy-of-learning\/","url_meta":{"origin":920,"position":3},"title":"GAGN\u00c9&#8217;S HIERARCHY OF LEARNING THEORY","author":"centreforelites","date":"2 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"In 1956, the American educational psychologist Robert M. Gagn\u00e9 proposed a system of classifying different types of learning in terms of the degree of complexity of the mental processes involved known as Hierarchy of Learning Theory","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Theories of Learning&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Theories of Learning","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/theories-of-learning\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Gagne's HIERARCHY OF LEARNING","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Gagnes-HIERARCHY-OF-LEARNING.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Gagnes-HIERARCHY-OF-LEARNING.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Gagnes-HIERARCHY-OF-LEARNING.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Gagnes-HIERARCHY-OF-LEARNING.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Gagnes-HIERARCHY-OF-LEARNING.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1028,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/psychology-as-the-observable-behavior-observable-behavior\/","url_meta":{"origin":920,"position":4},"title":"PSYCHOLOGY AS THE OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR","author":"centreforelites","date":"20 \u043c\u0430\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0PSYCHOLOGY AS THE OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR IN THE LIGHT OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, OPERANT\u00a0CONDITIONING AND HUMANISTIC THEORY By Levinson Many people do not know that psychology is describe as the study of observable behavior by some scholars in their theories. As teachers, it is very imperative to discuss and understand this observable\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Educational Psychology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Educational Psychology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/educational-psychology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":959,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/the-social-cognitive-learning-theory\/","url_meta":{"origin":920,"position":5},"title":"THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY","author":"centreforelites","date":"2 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The social cognitive learning theory, has developed over the years to explain alternative ways through which learning takes place in a social context.","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Theories of Learning&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Theories of Learning","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/theories-of-learning\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING Theory","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SOCIAL-COGNITIVE-LEARNING.webp?fit=731%2C520&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SOCIAL-COGNITIVE-LEARNING.webp?fit=731%2C520&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SOCIAL-COGNITIVE-LEARNING.webp?fit=731%2C520&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SOCIAL-COGNITIVE-LEARNING.webp?fit=731%2C520&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=920"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2729,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920\/revisions\/2729"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/986"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}