{"id":940,"date":"2022-11-03T21:20:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-03T19:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/"},"modified":"2023-06-02T11:42:29","modified_gmt":"2023-06-02T09:42:29","slug":"techniques-of-measuring-intelligence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/","title":{"rendered":"2 Techniques of Measuring Intelligence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">High intelligence level in human makes them different from other creatures. It helps them to cope with complex situations of everyday life. The level of intellectual capacity differs from one individual to another and will determine how they will succeed in various activities they decide or are asked to undertake. It will also determine the performance in schools, the quality of decisions they make as well as the efficiency at work.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\">\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/image.slideserve.com\/846400\/measuring-intelligence-n.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Techniques of MEASURING INTELLIGENCE\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/image.slideserve.com\/846400\/measuring-intelligence-n.jpg?resize=640%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Techniques of MEASURING INTELLIGENCE\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"540\" data-original-width=\"720\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">These benefits of intelligence arouse interest of organisations such as schools or any other business institutions in predicting the level of achievement of people in any activities and where their services will be needed. It is for this reason a highly controversial but very much beneficial intelligence quotient (IQ) test was developed. A numerical value or score of intelligence that is obtained from this test is based on the ratio between the people&#8217;s mental age and chronological age. This section will focus on different ways of measuring intelligence.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d3ac928fb74\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69d3ac928fb74\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/#_THE_DEVELOPMENT_OF_INTELLIGENCE_TESTS\" >\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/#_The_Stanford-Binet_Intelligence_Scale\" >\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/#_The_Wechsler_Tests\" >\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The Wechsler Tests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/#_THE_USES_AND_MEANING_OF_IQ_SCORES\" >\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 THE USES AND MEANING OF IQ SCORES<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/#CONTROVERSY_OVER_IQ_TESTING\" >CONTROVERSY OVER IQ TESTING<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/#_Nature_vs_Nurture\" >\u00a0 Nature vs. Nurture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/techniques-of-measuring-intelligence\/#Cultural_Bias\" >Cultural Bias<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_THE_DEVELOPMENT_OF_INTELLIGENCE_TESTS\"><\/span><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS<\/span><\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The idea of measuring intelligence began in 1904 in France, when the psychologist Alfred Binet was commissioned by the French government to find a method that would assist to differentiate between children who were \u2018<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">intellectually normal\u2019<\/i> and those who were \u2018<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">inferior\u2019 (slow learners). This<\/i> was intended to put the latter into special schools where they would receive more individual attention. This would help the government to avoid the disruption they caused in the education of intellectually normal children.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Such thinking was a natural <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/definition-of-growth-and-development\/\">development<\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darwinism#:~:text=Darwinism%20is%20a%20theory%20of,compete%2C%20survive%2C%20and%20reproduce.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Darwinism<\/a> and Eugenic Movement that dates back to Sir Francis Galton in 1869, the famous scientific polymath who promoted the idea that for the society to prosper, the weakest should not have babies, as this would affect the genetic stock of future generations. He and his followers were contemptuous of any impact education might have on raising the achievement of the \u2018<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">least able\u2019 .<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Since, according to Binet, intelligence could not be described by a single score, the use of the intelligence quotient (IQ) as coined by Lewis, M. Terman in America in 1916, as a definite statement of a child\u2019s intellectual capacity would be a serious mistake. In addition, Binet feared that IQ measurement would be used to condemn a child to a permanent condition of stupidity, thereby negatively affecting his\/ her education and likelihood.<i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Despite such concerns, psychometric tools use in learning institutions and work places gained a significant momentum and in the various countries of the world. These tools have been revised and modernised and typically include tests such as the revised versions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale or WAIS \u2013 R for 18 years old people and above; the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or WISC \u2013 III for children aged 6 to 17 ; the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence or WPPSI for children 4 to 6 1\/2\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;\">years old <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(Kasschau, 2003)<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;\">and the British Ability Scale or BAS in their updated forms but their roots and core constructs remain unaltered.<\/span><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><\/i><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_The_Stanford-Binet_Intelligence_Scale\"><\/span><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale<\/span><\/i><\/b><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Binet\u2019s intelligence test has been revised many times since he developed it. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In the United States of America, Binet&#8217;s test was refined by Lewis Terman of Stanford University into a test called Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">The Stanford-Binet, like the original test, groups test items by age level. To stimulate and maintain the child\u2019s interest, several tasks are included, ranging from defining words to drawing pictures and explaining events in daily life. Children are tested one at a time. Examiners must carry out standardised instructions while putting the child at ease, getting him to pay attention, and encouraging him to try as hard as he can<\/span><span style=\"color: #f30000;\">.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Intelligence tests such as these are used to predict how people will perform in situations or tasks that seem to require intelligence like in school or on the job. Scores on intelligence tests (IQ tests) indicate whether an individual has correctly answered as many questions as the average person of his\/her own age. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The <\/span><\/i><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">IQ, <\/span><\/i><\/b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">or <\/span><\/i><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">intelligence quotient,<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;\"> defined as a measure of a person&#8217;s intelligence as indicated by an intelligence\u00a0test is the ratio of a person&#8217;s mental\u00a0age <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(the average age of those who also received the same score as that child)<span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;\"> to their chronological\u00a0age<\/span>(actual) <span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;\">multiplied by 100.<b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"> <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>IQ=(Mental Age)\/(Chronological Age)\u00d7100 or IQ=MA\/CA\u00d7100<\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;\">\u2022<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; mso-tab-count: 1; text-indent: -18pt;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;\">For instance, if a Childs MA is 10 years and his CA is also 10 years, then his IQ is 100 (10\/10<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">\u00d7<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -18pt;\">\u00a0 100=100).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i   style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;   color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r>IQ<\/m:r><m:r>=<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><m:f><m:fPr><span     style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:\"Cambria Math\";     mso-hansi-font-family:\"Cambria Math\";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;     font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr><\/m:ctrlPr><\/span><\/m:fPr><m:num><i     style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;     color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r>Mental<\/m:r><m:r> <\/m:r><m:r>Age<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><\/m:num><m:den><i     style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;     color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r>C<\/m:r><m:r>h<\/m:r><m:r>ronological<\/m:r><m:r>     <\/m:r><m:r>Age<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><\/m:den><\/m:f><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:   EN-GB'><m:r>\u00d7100<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span   style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";   mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r>   <\/m:r><m:r>or<\/m:r><m:r> <\/m:r><\/span><\/i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:   normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:   EN-GB'><m:r>IQ<\/m:r><m:r>=<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><m:f><m:fPr><span     style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;mso-ascii-font-family:\"Cambria Math\";     mso-hansi-font-family:\"Cambria Math\";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;     font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr><\/m:ctrlPr><\/span><\/m:fPr><m:num><i     style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;     color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r>MA<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><\/m:num><m:den><i     style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;     color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r>CA<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><\/m:den><\/m:f><i   style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;   color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r>\u00d7100<\/m:r><\/span><\/i><i   style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:\"Cambria Math\",serif;   mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;   color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><m:r><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>\u00a0    <\/span><\/m:r><\/span><\/i><\/m:oMath><\/m:oMathPara><![endif]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 18.0pt; tab-stops: 37.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u2022<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>IQs that are over 100 (high IQ) show that the person is more intelligent than the average person of his own age (the mental age is greater than the chronological age). Example: if a Childs MA is 10 years and the CA is 8 years, then his IQ is 10\/8 x100=125.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 18.0pt; tab-stops: 37.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u2022<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>IQs which are less than 100 (lower IQ) indicate that the individual is less intelligent than the average person of his own age (the mental age is lower than the chronological age. For example, if a child&#8217;s CA is 12 years and the MA is 9 years, then his IQ is 9\/12&#215;100=75.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 18.0pt; tab-stops: 37.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u2022<span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Scores on IQ tests indicate whether an individual has correctly answered as many questions as the average person of his\/her own age.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">So an 8-year-old child who scored at the mental age of 8 would have an IQ of 100. Although the basic principles behind the calculation of IQ remain, scores are figured in a slightly different manner today. Researchers assign a score of 100 to the average performance at any given age. Then, IQ values are assigned to all the other test scores for this age group. If you have an IQ of 100, for example, this means that 50 per cent of the test takers who are your age performed worse than you.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In addition, test scores for several abilities are now reported instead of one general score. Most learning institutions have done away with this type of test; It was replaced by the Otis-Lennon Ability Test which seeks to measure the cognitive abilities that are related to a student\u2019s ability to learn and succeed in school. It does this by assessing a student\u2019s verbal and nonverbal reasoning abilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_The_Wechsler_Tests\"><\/span><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The Wechsler Tests<\/span><\/i><\/b><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Three frequently used intelligence tests are the revised versions of the Wechsler-Adult Intelligence Scale, or WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981), for adults; the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, or WISC-III (Wechsler, 1981), for children 6 to 16 years old; and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligences, or WPPSI-R, for children 4 to 61\u20442 years old.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In addition to yielding one overall score, the Wechsler tests yield percentile scores in several areas, namely vocabulary, information, arithmetic, picture arrangement, and so on as shown in the example of the Wechsler Tests below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\">\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhsXenjP5UF58va2ddBydULvhESwCPd44ouvTWveZAVUFgXP0ILUEiNij0h7VsPBVYGiL9m0dE_MAoxHgBHGbAh1XlFohfhhbXXMc2SzFx3J8-0zqOHdtyBiv3p5Fjsdvqg-fP3lKsQOdNmNuvmMUj0fJ-YByULNn3nGtMJ7t7rTdbxgQ04em7QiG1c\/s860\/Example%20of%20Wechsler%20Tests.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Sample of some items included in Wechsler Tests\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhsXenjP5UF58va2ddBydULvhESwCPd44ouvTWveZAVUFgXP0ILUEiNij0h7VsPBVYGiL9m0dE_MAoxHgBHGbAh1XlFohfhhbXXMc2SzFx3J8-0zqOHdtyBiv3p5Fjsdvqg-fP3lKsQOdNmNuvmMUj0fJ-YByULNn3nGtMJ7t7rTdbxgQ04em7QiG1c\/w540-h640\/Example%20of%20Wechsler%20Tests.png?resize=540%2C640&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Measuring Intelligence | Example of Wechsler Tests\" width=\"540\" height=\"640\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"860\" data-original-width=\"726\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">These ratings are used to compute separate IQ scores for verbal and performance abilities. This type of scoring provides a more detailed picture of the individual\u2019s strengths and weaknesses than a single score does.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In most Wechsler Intelligence Scales, the test items shown above are included although we did not show all possible items. I am sure most of you have seen similar items in Special Paper 2 of the End of Grade 7 National Examination in Zambia.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_THE_USES_AND_MEANING_OF_IQ_SCORES\"><\/span><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\"><span style=\"color: #f30000;\">\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">THE USES AND MEANING OF IQ SCORES<\/span><\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In general, the norms for intelligence tests are established in such a way that most people score near 100<\/span><\/i><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: #f30000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">. <\/span><\/i><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This means that about 95 percent of people score between 70 and 130. The norms are illustrated in the following Gaussian Curve. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\">\n<table style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEimYCcK02-XbSCFp6brBFBGGCY28BmjhpczcmyV-jyjg_eRnEOOCcntRZx_kdXXp7Sb2JSUq6zvdF1N98YXDvoukE0zBc13AXZ1yHqHtaiS2QTnp9465ZAzMuaGlM2snM8VVFSerZV1t6-RvicEK62uQZp1riKW1m2VIUdkajm0OE1HTbMx0WLs9oiS\/s624\/normal%20curve.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"The normal curve displays intelligence as measured by IQ tests. The average IQ score is 100\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEimYCcK02-XbSCFp6brBFBGGCY28BmjhpczcmyV-jyjg_eRnEOOCcntRZx_kdXXp7Sb2JSUq6zvdF1N98YXDvoukE0zBc13AXZ1yHqHtaiS2QTnp9465ZAzMuaGlM2snM8VVFSerZV1t6-RvicEK62uQZp1riKW1m2VIUdkajm0OE1HTbMx0WLs9oiS\/w640-h376\/normal%20curve.png?resize=640%2C376&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Gaussian Curve used for measuring intelligence in general\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"366\" data-original-width=\"624\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">This normal curve displays intelligence as measured by IQ tests. Copyrighted to the owner<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">As indicated on the curve, only a little more than 2 percent score at or above 130. These people are in at least the 97th percentile. Those who score below 70 have traditionally been classified as mentally handicapped. More specific categories include mildly handicapped, but educable (55\u201369); moderately handicapped, but trainable (40\u201354); severely handicapped (25\u201339); and profoundly handicapped (below 25).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">IQ scores seem to be most useful when related to school achievement; they are quite accurate in predicting which people will do well in schools, colleges, and universities. Critics of IQ testing do not question this predictive ability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The question however remains, whether such tests actually measure intelligence. Although most psychologists agree that <a href=\"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/en\/7-theories-of-intelligence\/\">intelligence<\/a> is the ability to acquire new ideas and new behaviour and to adapt to new situations. Generally, IQ tests measure the ability to solve certain types of problems. Yet they do not directly measure the ability to pos<\/span>e<span style=\"color: black;\"> those problems or to question the<\/span> <span style=\"color: black;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kanyarwandamugisha.blogspot.com\/2022\/11\/characteristics-of-good-test.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">validity<\/a> of problems posed by others<\/span> <span style=\"color: black;\">(Hoffman, 1962). This is only part<\/span> <span style=\"color: black;\">of the reason why IQ testing is so<\/span> <span style=\"color: black;\">controversial.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONTROVERSY_OVER_IQ_TESTING\"><\/span><b><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">CONTROVERSY OVER IQ TESTING<\/span><\/i><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Much of the debate about IQ testing centres around the following issues: do genetic differences or environmental inequalities cause two people to receive different scores on intelligence tests? The question of cultural bias in intelligence tests has also been controversial.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Nature_vs_Nurture\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\"><span style=\"font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Nature vs. Nurture<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A technique researchers use to help determine whether genetics or environment affects scores on intelligence tests is studying the results of testing of people with varying degrees of genetic relationship. In regard to intelligence, researchers have found a high degree of <b>heritability<\/b> or a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors. They found that as genetic relationship increases, say, from parent and child to identical twins, the similarity of IQ also increases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">The best way to study the effects of nature and nurture is to study identical twins who have been separated at birth and raised in different environments. The study of more than 100 sets of twins who were raised apart from one another revealed that IQ is affected by genetic factors. This finding was supported by the discovery of a specific gene for human intelligence. According to some psychologists, 70 percent of IQ variance can be attributed to heredity, but others found the hereditary estimate to be only 52 percent. This would mean that <a href=\"https:\/\/kanyarwandamugisha.blogspot.com\/2022\/11\/the-relationship-between-growth-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heredity <\/a>and environment almost contribute equally to the person\u2019s intelligence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">In this Regard, studies on environmental factors show that brothers and\/or sisters raised in the same environment are more likely to have similar IQs than siblings raised apart. <a href=\"https:\/\/kanyarwandamugisha.blogspot.com\/2022\/11\/the-relationship-between-growth-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environment<\/a>, therefore, does impact IQs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Some studies show that quality preschool programs for example, help raise IQs initially, but the increase begins to fade after some years. Participating children, however, are less likely to be in special education classes, less likely to be held back, and more likely to graduate from high school than are children without such preschool experiences. Each year of school missed may drop a person\u2019s IQ as much as 5 points. The richness of the home environment, the quality of food, and the number of brothers and sisters in the family all affect IQ.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Both heredity and environment have an impact on intelligence. Advances in behavioural genetics research continue to refine results on the contributions that heredity and experience have on IQ. It remains clear that these two factors are both contributing and interact in their effects.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cultural_Bias\"><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Cultural Bias<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 0cm 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">A major criticism of intelligence tests is that they have a <b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_bias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cultural bias<\/a><\/b> that is, the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group. For example, on one intelligence test the correct response to the question, \u201cWhat would you do if you were sent to buy a loaf of bread and the grocer said he did not have any more?\u201d was \u201ctry another store.\u201d A significant proportion of minority students, however, responded that they would go home. When questioned about the answer, many explained that there was no other store in their neighbourhood.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Psychologists admit that some tests have been biased because they assess accumulated knowledge, which is dependent on a child\u2019s environment and opportunities in that environment. As a consequence, efforts have been made to make the tests less biased. However, it is unlikely that a test will ever be developed that will be completely free of cultural bias. All tests are based on the assumptions of a particular culture. An example of the culture bound test is shown below<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\">\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgnbzvmWEPDE_II3SErHMyjd-LlaWPaJbTAZEepp-BVy0__ZwNquVHd3d4vaIZd8EmYpbd44Fx3yK8qJDehZkW3rsXt_rPVGIRX6JHj6wI8m5znb_ZpsTV39hw9-fduOfnd49IkRE8b275iQJn8l77LAyoX4bgsJoywNUNgHMCuzIFGr_4IjFaO6Ogt\/s627\/An%20example%20of%20the%20culture%20bound%20test%201.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"An example of the culture bound test\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgnbzvmWEPDE_II3SErHMyjd-LlaWPaJbTAZEepp-BVy0__ZwNquVHd3d4vaIZd8EmYpbd44Fx3yK8qJDehZkW3rsXt_rPVGIRX6JHj6wI8m5znb_ZpsTV39hw9-fduOfnd49IkRE8b275iQJn8l77LAyoX4bgsJoywNUNgHMCuzIFGr_4IjFaO6Ogt\/w628-h640\/An%20example%20of%20the%20culture%20bound%20test%201.png?resize=628%2C640&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"An example of the culture bound test\" width=\"628\" height=\"640\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"627\" data-original-width=\"615\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\">This is a test developed by a psychologist, Adrian Dove in 1960 to demonstrate how one\u2019s cultural background can affect their performance in an intelligence test.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The idea of measuring intelligence began in 1904 in France, when the psychologist Alfred Binet was commissioned by the French government to find a method that would assist to differentiate between children who were \u2018intellectually normal\u2019 and those who were \u2018inferior\u2019 (slow learners).<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1753,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"wds_primary_category":113,"footnotes":""},"categories":[113],"tags":[71],"class_list":["post-940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-intelligence","tag-educational-psychology"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-260024.jpeg?fit=1880%2C1287&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":939,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/6-factors-affecting-intelligence-development\/","url_meta":{"origin":940,"position":0},"title":"6 FACTORS AFFECTING INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT","author":"centreforelites","date":"3 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"There are a number of factors affecting intelligence development in so many ways. In this article we shall focus attention on the six common ones that exert the most impact on our intelligence.\u00a0","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Intelligence&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Intelligence","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/intelligence\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"6 FACTORS AFFECTING INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8438918.jpeg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8438918.jpeg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8438918.jpeg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8438918.jpeg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-8438918.jpeg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":941,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/7-theories-of-intelligence\/","url_meta":{"origin":940,"position":1},"title":"7 Theories of intelligence","author":"centreforelites","date":"3 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"It is in sense that different scholars made efforts to come up with their own understanding of what intelligence really is and the different forms that it may take. It is this effort by psychologists and other scientists which resulted in various Theories of intelligence.\u00a0","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Intelligence&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Intelligence","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/intelligence\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Theories of Intelligence","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Theories-of-Intelligence.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Theories-of-Intelligence.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Theories-of-Intelligence.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Theories-of-Intelligence.jpg?fit=960%2C720&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":943,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/the-nature-and-structure-of-intelligence\/","url_meta":{"origin":940,"position":2},"title":"THE NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENCE","author":"centreforelites","date":"3 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The structure of intelligence can be referred to as the different components or elements of intelligence which, according to the triardic theory are divided into: metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components.","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Education&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Education","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/blog\/education\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"THE NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENCE","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-207924.jpeg?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-207924.jpeg?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-207924.jpeg?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-207924.jpeg?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/pexels-photo-207924.jpeg?fit=1200%2C673&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":942,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/classification-of-intelligence\/","url_meta":{"origin":940,"position":3},"title":"CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE. 2 Major Types","author":"centreforelites","date":"3 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"There are several modes of classification of intelligence. However, in a general perspective, intelligencecan be classified as either fluid intelligence or crystallised intelligence.","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Cognitive Development&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cognitive Development","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/cognitive-development\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE. 2 Major Types","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/magic-cube-cube-puzzle-play-54101.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/magic-cube-cube-puzzle-play-54101.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/magic-cube-cube-puzzle-play-54101.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/magic-cube-cube-puzzle-play-54101.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/magic-cube-cube-puzzle-play-54101.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":979,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/the-concept-of-cognitive-development\/","url_meta":{"origin":940,"position":4},"title":"The Concept of Cognitive Development","author":"centreforelites","date":"1 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Psychologists have come up with different approaches to cognitive development. Cognition is the mental activity and behaviour that allows us to understand the world.","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Cognitive Development&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Cognitive Development","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/cognitive-development\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Concept of Cognitive Development","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Concept-of-Cognitive-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Concept-of-Cognitive-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Concept-of-Cognitive-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Concept-of-Cognitive-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Concept-of-Cognitive-Development.webp?fit=1200%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1068,"url":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/4-scales-of-measurement-in-quantitative-research\/","url_meta":{"origin":940,"position":5},"title":"4 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH","author":"centreforelites","date":"15 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0The scales of measurement refer to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes for a variable. Scales of Measurement are so important that, first, in the sense that knowing the level of measurement helps you decide how to interpret the data from that variable. When one\u2026","rel":"","context":"\u0412 &quot;Research Methodology&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Research Methodology","link":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/category\/research-methodology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"SCALES OF MEASUREMENT","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SCALES-OF-MEASUREMENT.png?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SCALES-OF-MEASUREMENT.png?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SCALES-OF-MEASUREMENT.png?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SCALES-OF-MEASUREMENT.png?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/support.centreforelites.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/SCALES-OF-MEASUREMENT.png?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=940"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1755,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/940\/revisions\/1755"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=940"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=940"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/support.centreforelites.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}